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JUNIOR LATIN
BOOK ONE
The Declension of Nouns, Adjectives
and Pronouns
Roman Ideas
BY
JOHN EVANS FORSYTHE, A. B.
Formerly Principal of the Forsythe School, Philadelphia
AND
RICHARD MOTT GUMMERE, Ph. D.
Associate Professor of Latin in Haverford College
PHILADELPHIA
CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY
124 North Eighteenth Street
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Copyright, 1917, by
Christopher Sower Company
LSuCAViO* 1 JP'f-Ti
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PREFACE
“Every beginning is difficult ”; especially so for minds immature, more especially so when
they are grappling with the difficulties of a foreign tongue, and most especially so when they
strike upon the rocky enigmas of a dead language. Every unconquered mountain peak has
one easiest side of approach. Every branch of human learning has its primer of elements, and
it is the province and the privilege of the true teacher to search all comers of the great world of
knowledge for elemental aids perfectly adapted to the first faltering steps of the young beginner.
Whatever views one may entertain as to the advantage of studying Latin, one must confess
that there is good in Latin for every English-speaking person, and especially for those who
may be occupied in any of the professions.
Whatever views one may entertain as to the propriety of beginning Latin 'early, it must
be confessed that elementary instruction therein is especially welcome to a young mind with
memory bright and curiosity athirst to learn the unknown ways of its ancient ancestry.
Such instruction, safely stored, becomes a solid base for modern education.
To assist the young mind, probing darkly, by some labor-saving arrangement and presen-
tation of the elements of Latin, as well as to equip it with the useful knowledge which is the
reward for effort, is the design of this book.
From lexicons and libraries, from text-books and travel, from any and every possible source
the authors have taken things good to have, the finest fruits from any tree, no matter in whose
garden it grew. From Cicero and Ctesar, from Lane and from Bennett, from grammars galore,
from Becker, and Platner, and Friedlander, and a host of primers and readers, wherever was
found a bright idea valuable to the little student, it was purloined, with gratitude to the originator.
Every effort has been made to search quotations from the best ancient authors to illustrate
Vocabularies. But inasmuch as the noble Roman felt it quite beneath his dignity to write
primers, such material is now very scarce. Each Vocabulary aims to tell some topical story.
Each new word is a moving picture of ancient life. The words therefore are not arranged by
the alphabet, but in order of kinship of meaning, of opposite view, or of similar sound; all done
to help the little learner. The theme of war has been reserved for later study, on the ground
that it is incompatible with the whole-hearted love and joy of child-life.
Greek origin in Latin words has been noted in the Vocabularies, and little people studying
French may watch continually with pleasure for the many French words descended directly
from Latin. Few new verbs have been introduced, and those used are all in the third person.
The title of this book as originally planned was “The Five Declensions for the Age of Ten”:
a title prompted by the fact that children entering “Secondary School” would better spend their
energies in mastering the elements of Latin than in grappling with higher learning in the pres-
ent prevailing fashion of juvenile handbooks. America believes education essential to best
citizenship; essential also, as Cicero taught, to happiness in mature years. A knowledge of
Latin is the one foundation-rock of an English Education. When presented as a picture of the
social, political, and economic life of that great people who blazed the trail, and spent their
life-blood, that modem civilization might revel in triumphant progress, it is invaluable to old
and young.
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TEN AXIOMS FOR TEACHING LATIN
1. First steps can never be made too easy for the beginner.
2. A text-book, like any other working tool, should be wrought out in the white heat of the
class-room, not carved out of the theories of some scholarly studio.
3. “Learn one thing at a time and learn it well.”
4. Concentrate energy upon each topic until it is mastered.
5. Provide plenty of material for abundant practice thereon.
6. “Visualizing” is the true teacher's best trick.
7. Therefore do not chop up the Latin paradigms and strew them through the book; group
them for comprehensive mastery.
8. Eternal repetition is the ladder to achievement.
9. “Would you learn Latin, you must bathe in Latin.”
10. Latin should never be regarded merely as one of the cast-iron conditions of College Ad-
mission; it is the living picture of the life of a good portion of our own ancestors; there-
fore we cannot know too much of their customs in order to comprehend our own.
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HOW TO STUDY LATIN IN THE BEGINNING
Every instructor is likely to be called upon to teach new subjects. With this book it is
perfectly possible for a teacher who has no knowledge whatever of the Latin language to handle
the subject successfully, simply by reason of maturity of mind and by work in advance of the
class.
A little collateral home reading or study of Roman life and history, supplying live mate-
rial to interest the young in their new and untried work, will assist wonderfully.
“Writing makes an accurate man."
Let every pupil procure a blank dictation book, ruled.
In preparation, the pupil should write neatly therein the daily lesson in full, putting a Latin
sentence on every fourth line (see page 63). The next line should contain the translation, and
the third line the parsing-diagram, as there explained. Let all Vocabularies also be carefully
drafted into the dictation books, besides all Declensions, using the method of the Tables of
Terminations.
The effort to make the dictation book an exact facsimile of the text-book in arrangement,
in word copy, and in quantity marks will enable the pupil to master the Latin.
For recitation, put away all dictation books. Then: 1st. Read the sentences in Latin; 2d.
Translate into good English; and 3d. Parse orally. Parse accurately, and pronounce accu-
rately, using the correct Roman Pronunciation. Declensions require blackboard as well as oral
recitation.
Diagrams of translation and parsing, Tables of Declension, and Vocabularies, all thus
written, become the counterpart of problems in Arithmetic and are equally interesting.
Preserve the finished dictation books. They record progress.
Many teachers of younger pupils may find it best to use the earlier pages for reference
only, beginning immediately with porta, a gate (page 16), of the First Declension, continuing
carefully until the pupil acquires some solid footing in the Five Declensions, and then return-
ing for review to the Introduction.
Teachers of large classes will find great economy of time and energy in concert drill.
There is no better method of impressing the delicate differences of the vowel sounds. The
ear assists the eye.
The Nouns, in the Declensions, are declined and defined in full. Skip-questions may
have abundant play, all over the page and all over the class. For example: Ques. porta t
Ans. by a gate . Ques. of roses? A ns. rosarum.
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS LATIN? THE LATIN ALPHABET, ITS ORIGIN
Bn ^linh
What is English?
English is the language of England, and of
most of North America.
Whence has English come?
English has had two sources. It is partly
Anglo-Saxon and partly Latin. Its Anglo-
Saxon part came from Northern Europe,
its Latin part from Old Rome, that is, from
Southern Europe.
In what are the two parts different?
The little words of our language are mostly
from the Anglo-Saxon, while the big words
come from the Latin.
Whence came these languages in the begin-
ning?
The mother tongue of the present Euro-
pean languages is called Indo-European. Its
origin is unknown. But, roughly speaking,
English may be called a granddaughter of
Latin. Roumanian, French, Spanish, Portu-
guese, and Italian, commonly spoken of as
the Romance languages, may be called the
daughters of Latin.
Latin
What is Latin?
Latin was the language of Old Rome.
When was it in use?
Latin was written and spoken about 2000
years ago, in the time of Jesus.
Where was it in use?
Latin was used in Italy, Southern France,
Spain, Northern Africa, and somewhat in
other countries.
How long wae it in use?
Latin was the principal language for more
than 1000 years.
The Latin Alphabet
How many letters has the Latin Alphabet?
Twenty-five letters, the same as the English,
lacking w.
How are the letters divided?
Into Vowels and Consonants.
The Vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y.
The Consonants are the other letters.
What are the Diphthongs?
The Diphthongs, or Double Vowels, are
au, ae, oe, ui, eu, and sometimes ai, ei, oi, on.
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THE ROMAN PRONUNCIATION
4 as in artis'tic
6 as in get
I as in sin
5 as in obey 1
u as in full
The Vowels
a as in art, fa'ther
e as in prey , = a (English)
i as in machine 9 , police 9 , = ee in seen
5 as in go, note, vote
a as in rule, = oo in fool
Both in aha*
Both in gU'away hey 1 day 9
Both in six 9 teen 9 , He 9 be
Both in oho 9
Both in cuck'od , hod 9 doo
The Diphthongs
an like ow in now, ou in house
ai
= ah-ee
ae like ai in aisle = “aye,” (the English “yes”)
oe like oy in boy
ei like ei in eight
ni like English we = oo-ee
oi
= oh-ee
en like e followed by u in English = eh-oo
ou
= oh-oo
The Consonants
c always like k
g always as in get
j like y in yet
r slightly trilled
s always as in sin
t always as in tin
V like English w
Note. — Read thus in English, ft, a short; ft, a
x always as ks
bs pronounced like ps
bt pronounced pt
ph, th, ch like p , /, c. Before about 100 b. c.
11, mm, nn, tt, both distinctly sounded
qu like English qu in quit
su like English sw in sweet
*; a, a common .
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SYLLABLES, QUANTITY, ACCENT
Syllables
How many syllables are there in a Latin word?
Every word has as many syllables as it has
separate vowels or diphthongs.
What are they called?
The last syllable is called the Ultima; the
next to last the Penult; the third before the
last the Antepenult .
Quantity
What is meant by Quantity?
A syllable is called long or short accord-
ing to the time required in pronouncing it;
two short vowels being equal to one long
one.
How is Quantity marked?
The long vowel of a long syllable is
marked thus, non, not.
The short vowel of a short syllable is
marked thus, ab, from. (In this book short
vowels are mostly not marked at all.)
The vowel common is marked thus, sacrum
templum, a holy temple , (oftener short than
long).
Quantity Rules for Vowels
а. A vowel before another vowel is short.
б. A vowel before h is short.
c. A diphthong is always long.
d. A vowel before nf, ns, j (often), gn (often)
is long.
Quantity Rules for Syllables
a. A syllable is long when it contains a long
vowel.
b . A syllable is long when it contains a diph-
thong.
c. A syllable is long when it contains a short
vowel followed by x or s, or by two con-
sonants (the latter of which is not 1 or*r).
d . A syllable is common when it contains a
short vowel followed by two consonants
(the latter of which is 1 or r).
Accent
What is accent?
Accent is stress of voice.
Where is the accent mark placed?
Words of two syllables have the accent on
the penult, thus ho'mo, man.
Words of more than two syllables have
the accent on the penult if it is long, thus
Romano'rum, of the Romans; otherwise on
the antepenult, thus Ci'cero, Cieero .
Note. — The English Alphabet appears to have had its beginning in the East. Assyrian and Egyptian
alphabets were well established. Moses had written the X Commandments on Tables of Stone. From
the East the Phoenicians carried to Greece 3400 years ago the letters we use today. The Romans borrowed
them later from the Greeks for their own use, thus bringing them down to modem civilization.
Very little writing was done in those very ancient times. History was recorded in song, to be written
down in verse ages later. The Poems of Homer exemplify this fact.
Laws and treaties were recorded on marbles, victories described on pillars and pyramids. When men
began to write they used Capital letters only, going from right to left on the page; later they wrote both to
the left and to the right, making a turning, versus, at each end, in imitation of the plowman. Finally
our present plan, from left to right only, came into vogue.
The Romans printed their books by hand in capitals. This great labor made books very scarce.
Hence it was that correct speech became all important. Proper pronunciation in public was a great care.
Cicero writes, a vowel before nf or ns was always long. This we obey. For 60 years, even while Cicero
was a boy, long vowels were sometimes doubled, thus &ra, an altar , was AARA; jUs, right , was IWS.
The next step is seen in the i longa, or tall i, thus hie, here , was hIc.
Later the apex, (3), as on the top of a flamen’s (high-priest’s) cap, was adopted. This Cicero probably
used. Thus lfcge, by law , was L^GE. This was clumsy, and after the Christian era writers used the lower
part of the apex, thus LEGE; but finally adopted the upper horizontal part, thus LEGE; which we use.
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THE PARTS OF SPEECH
What name is given to the eight Classes of
words?
They are called the Eight Parts of Speech.
What are the Parts of Speech in English?
The Parts of Speech in English are the
same as in Latin, with the addition of the
Articles o, an, the .
Name the Eight Parts of Speech in Latin.
Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Ad-
verb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjec-
tion.
1. What is a Noun?
A Noun is the name of a person, place,
thing , or quality; as, Cicero, Cicero; His-
pania, Spain; lapis, a stone; timor , fear.
2. What is an Adjective?
An Adjective is a word used to describe ,
qualify , or limit a Noun or Pronoun ; as,
bona puella, a good girl.
duae puellae, two girls.
3. What is a Pronoun?
A Pronoun is a word used in place of a
Noun; as, ego, I; is, he.
4. What is a Verb?
A Verb is a word which asserts or de-
clares some being or action; as,
est, he is;
currit, he runs.
5. What is an Adverb?
An Adverb is a word used to modify a
Verb, an Adjective, or another Adverb; as,
tarde currit, he runs slowly;
minus pulcher, less beautiful;
non semper, not always.
6. What is a Preposition?
A Preposition is a word used to join
other words, and also to show the relation
between them; as,
Est in bond loco. It is in a good place.
7. What is a Conjunction?
A Conjunction is a word used to connect
words and sentences; as,
Pueri et puellae, boys and girls.
Currit et salit, he runs and he jumps.
8. What is an Interjection?
An Interjection is a word used in ex-
clamation ; as, heu, alas!
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PROPERTIES OF NOUNS: GENDER, NUMBER, CASE
What three properties have Nouns? Nouns have Gender, Number, and Case.
Gender
Name the three Genders.
Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.
What do these denote?
The term Masculine is applied to male
nouns, and to nouns imagined to be male;
as, agricola, farmer; honor, honor.
The term Feminine is applied to female
nouns, and to nouns imagined to be female;
as, femina, woman; navis, a ship.
The Latin term Neuter signifies neither
of the two. It is often applied to nouns
neither male nor female; as, metallum, a
metal; mare, the sea.
But some nouns in Latin are called
Neuter, which cannot be imagined to be
without gender; as, animal, an animal.
Some nouns also have two genders, Mas-
culine and Feminine. These are said to
have Common Gender; as, inus, a mouse , a
rat.
Rules of Gender
Masculine : Names of males , of winds and
months, also most names of rivers and moun-
tains.
Feminine: Names of females , also most
names of plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees.
Neuter : Indeclinable nouns, infinitives,
letters of the alphabet, words, phrases, and
clauses used as nouns, also many others.
Common: Names “applicable to either
sex,” or imagined so.
Number
Name the two Numbers.
The Singular and the Plural.
What do these denote?
The Singular denotes one, the Plural
more than one.
Case
Name the three Cases in English.
1. Nominative, the case of the Subject ; as,
The hoy runs.
2. Possessive, the case of Possession; as.
The boy's boot.
3. Objective, the cage of the Object; as,
The boy loves apples.
Name the six cases in Latin.
1. Nominative,
The Case of the Subject.
2. Genitive,
The English Objective with preposi-
tion of.
3. Dative,
The English Objective with preposi-
tions to or for.
4. Accusative,
The Case of the Object.
5. Vocative,
The Case of Address.
6. Ablative,
The English Objective with preposi-
tions by, with , from.
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INFLECTION, THE DECLENSIONS, PARSING
Inflection
What is the chief characteristic of the first
four Parts of Speech?
The first four have Inflection. The last
four do not.
What is Inflection?
Inflection is the changing of the ending
of a word to express change of meaning.
What is Declension?
The Inflection of Nouns, Adjectives, and
Pronouns is called Declension.
What is Conjugation?
The Inflection of Verbs is called Con-
jugation.
The Declensions
How many Declensions are there in English?
There is one form of Declension in
English; viz.:
Sing.
Nom. boy
Poss. boy's
Obj. boy
Plub.
Nom. boys
Poss. boys 9
Obj. boys
How many Declensions are there in Latin?
There are Five Declensions in Latin, dis-
tinguished by the ending of the Genitive
Case Singular, as well as by the final stem-
letter; viz.:
Declension
1st
2d
3d
4th
5th
Genitive Ending Final Stem Letter
ae a
I 6
„ f tome c<m*onarU
IS { j
US u
el or el e
Parsing
1. What is Parsing?
Parsing is,
1st. The locating of words in their
proper families; and,
2d. Showing their relations to their
z neighbors.
How are declined words parsed?
According to their Class, Declension,
Gender, Number, and Case; also accord-
ing to their relations to their neighbors.
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IMPORTANT RULES OF SYNTAX
Bulb.
1. The Subject of a Verb is in the Nominative Case.
2. The Object of a Verb is usually in the Accusative Case.
3. The Predicate Noun takes the case of the Subject.
4. The Limiting Noun is put in the Genitive.
5. A Verb agrees with its Subject in Person and Number.
6. Twenty-six Prepositions take the Accusative.
7. Eight Prepositions take the Ablative.
8. Four Prepositions take either the Accusative or Ablative.
9. The Adjective must agree with the Noun which it qualifies in gender, number and case,
but need not in declension.
10. The Predicate Adjective agrees with the Subject Noun or Subject Pronoun of the Verb.
11. An Appositive takes the case and number of the Noun or Pronoun which it explains.
12. The Relative Pronoun Qui agrees with its antecedent in number and gender, but its case
depends upon the construction of the clause wherein it occurs.
13. Adverbs modify Verbs, Adjectives, or other Adverbs.
14. Conjunctions connect words and sentences.
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THE FIVE DECLENSIONS
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
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FIRST DECLENSION— NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
FIRST DECLENSION. The a Nouns (5 Stems)
Endings® — The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the First Declension ends in &e.
The Nominative Singular ends in 4.
Gender. — Nouns of the First Declension are Feminine, unless they denote men.
porta is a Noun, Feminine Gender, First
Declension.
SINGULAR NUMBER
Cases
Nominative, port-a (por'ta), | iSub,ect)
Genitive. port-ae (por'taye), of a gate
Dative. port-ae (por'taye), to, for a gate
Accusative, port-am (por'tam), a gate ( Object )
Vocative. port-a (por'ta), 0 gate
Ablative. port-a (por'ta), by, with, from
a gate
PLURAL NUMBER
Cases , ,
Nominative, port-ae (por'taye) f (Su6;>c/)
( the gates
Genitive. port-arum (por ta'room), of gates
Dative. port-is (por'teece), to, for gates
Accusative . port-is (por'tas), gates ( Object )
Vocative. port-ae (por'taye), 0 gates
Ablative. port-is (por'teece), by, with, from
gates
rosa (ro'sa), a rose
rosa is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom. rosa, a rose
Gen. rosae, of a rose
Dat. rosae, to, for a rose
Acc. rosam, a rose
Voc. rosa, 0 rose
Abl. rosa, by, with, from a rose
Plur.
Nom. rosae, roses
Gen. rosarum, of roses
Dat. rosis, to, for roses
Acc. rosas, roses
Voc. rosae, 0 roses
Abl. rosis, by, with, from roses
poeta is a Noun, Masculine Gender, First
Declension
SINGULAR NUMBER
Cases
Nom. poeta (p6a'ta),{"^
Gen. poitae (po a'taye), of a poet
Dot. poetae (po a'taye), to, for a poet
Acc. poitam (po a'tam), a poet
Voc. poeta (po a'ta), 0 poet
Abl. poeta (po ii'ta), by, with, from a poet
PLURAL NUMBER
Cases
Nom. poetae (po a'taye), (
( the poets
Gen. poetarum (po a ta'room), of poets
Dat. poetis (po a'teece), to, for poets
Acc. poetas (po a'tas), poets
Voc. poetae (po a'taye), 0 poets
Abl. poetis (po a'teece), by, with, from poets
viola (wl'o la), a violet
viola is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom. viola, a violet
Gen. violae, of a violet
Dot. violae, to, for a violet
Acc. violam, a violet
Voc. viola, 0 violet
Abl. viola, by, with, from a violet
Plur.
Nom. violae, violets
Gen. violarum, of violets
Dat. violis, to, for violets
Acc. violas, violets
Voc. violae, 0 violets
Abl. violis, by, with, from violets
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VOCABULARY
_ , (3d. Pera. Sing. 68t, is
Verbs \
(. 3d. Pers. Piur. sunt, are
Adjectives, Feminine
Nom. Sing. Nom. Plur.
nova, novae, new
( the opposite of)
antique,
antlquae, old, ancient
parva,
parvae, small, little
magna,
magnae, great , large
alta,
altae, high, deep
alba,
albae, white
flava,
flavae, yellow
pulchra,
pulchrae, beautiful
PORTA URBIS IN VIA APPIA
A
1. Porta est nova.
2. Porta est antlqua.
3. Porta est parva.
4. Porta est magna.
5. Porta est alta.
6. Rosa est alba.
7. Rosa est flava.
Sentences
B
1. Portae sunt novae.
2. Portae sunt antlquae.
3. Portae sunt parvae.
4. Portae sunt magnae.
5. Portae sunt altae.
6. Rosae sunt albae.
7. Rosae sunt flavae.
8. The rose is beautiful.
9. The violet is little.
10. The violet is beautiful.
8. Roses are beautiful.
9. Violets are small.
10. Violets are beautiful.
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I
paella (poo ella), a girl
paella is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
f ami Tin, (fa'mi na), a woman
fimina, is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom.
«« * (t-t y .\ (a woman
fimina (fa ml na), <
( the woman
Sing.
Nom.
Gen.
puella, a girl
puellae, of a girl
Gen.
fiminae (fa'mi naye), of a woman
Dat.
puellae, to, for a girl
Dat.
fiminae (fa'mi naye), to, for a woman .
Acc.
puellam, a girl
Acc.
fiminam (fa'mi nam), a woman
Voc.
puella, 0 girl
Voc.
femina (fa'mi na), 0 woman
Abl.
puelli, by, with, from a girl
Abl.
fimini (fa'mi na), by, with , from a
woman
Plur.
Nom.
fiminae (fa'mi naye), {
l the women
Plur.
Nom.
Gen.
puellae, girls
puell&rum, of girls
Gen.
fiminSrum (fa mi na'room), of women
Dat.
puelli8, to, for girls
Dat.
feminis (fa'mi neece), to, for women
Acc.
puell&s, girls
Acc.
fimin&s (fa'mi nas), women
Voc.
puellae, 0 girls
Voc.
feminae (fa'mi naye), 0 women
Abl.
puellis, by, with, from girls
Abl.
fiminis (fa'mi neece), by, with, from
women
rigina (ra gee'na), a queen
rigina is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sinf.
Nom. rigina, a queen
Gen. reginae, of a queen
Dat. riginae, to , for a queen
Acc. riginam, a queen
Voc. rigina, 0 queen
Abl. rigina, by, with , from a queen
Plur.
Nom. riginae, queens
Gen. riginarum, of queens
Dat. riginis, to, for queens
Ace. rigin&s, queens
Voc. riginae, 0 querns
Abl. riginis, by , with, from queens
Mftsa (moo'sa), a muse
MUsa is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom. Mfisa, a muse
Gen. Musae, of a muse
Dai. Musae, to, for a muse
Aec. Musam, a muse
Voc. MOsa, 0 muse
Abl. Musa, by, with, from a muse
Plur.
Nom. Musae, muses
Gen. Musarum, of muses
Dat. Musis, to, for muses
Acc. M&8&S, muses
Voc. Miisae, 0 muses
Abl. MUsis, by, with, from muses
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VOCABULARY
Adjectives, Feminine
Nom. Sing.
Nom. Plur.
arnica,
amicae, friendly
benigna,
benignae, kind
bona,
bonae, good
ignara,
ign&rae, ignorant
ifnava,
ign&vae, lazy
indnstria,
industriae, industrious
justs,
justae, just
prompta,
promptae, prompt
superba,
superbae, proud
timida,
timidae, timid
FEMINA ROMANA
Sentences
A
B
1. Femina est benigna.
1 .
Feminae sunt benignae.
2. Femina est bona.
2.
Feminae sunt bonae.
3. Femina est arnica.
3.
Feminae sunt amicae.
4. Femina est industria.
4.
Feminae sunt industriae.
5. Puella est industria.
5.
Puellae sunt industriae.
6. Puella est prompta.
6 .
Puellae sunt promptae.
7. Puella est ignava.
7.
Puellae sunt ignavae.
8. The girl is timid.
8.
Girls are timid.
9. The queen is just.
9.
Queens are kind.
10. The queen is proud.
10.
Queens are proud.
19
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I
corona (ko ro'na), a crown
cor5na is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Norn. cor5n&, a crown
Gen . coronae, of a crown
Dot . corSnae, to , for a crown
Acc. corSnam, a crown
Voc. corona, 0 crown
Abl. corona, by, with , from a crown
Plur.
Norn. corSnae, crowns
Gen . cordnarum, of crowns
Dot. coronis, to, for crowns
Acc. cor5n&s, crowns
Voc. cordnae, 0 crowns
Abl. cor5nis, by, with, from crowns
gemma (gem'ma), a gem
gemma is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom. gemma, a gem.
Gen. gemmae, of a gem
Dot. gemmae, to, for a gem
Acc. gemmam, a gem
Voc. gemma, 0 gem
Abl. gemma, by, with, from a gem
Plur.
Nom. gemmae, gems
Gen . gemmarum, of gems
Dot. gemmis, to, for gems
Acc. gemmas, gems
Voc. gemmae, 0 gems
• Abl . gemmib, by, with, from gems
terra (ter'ra), a land, a country
terra is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom. terra, a land
Gen. terrae, of a land
Dot. terrae, to, for a land
Acc. terram, a land
Voc. terra, 0 land
Abl. terra, by, with, from a land
Plur.
Nom. terrae, lands
Gen. terr&rum, of lands
Dot. terns, to, for lands
Acc. terr&s, lands
Voc. terrae, 0 lands
Abl. terns, by, with, from lands
insula (£en'soo la), an island
insula is a Noun, Fem., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom . insula, an island
Gen. insulae, of an island
Dot. insulae, to, for an island
Acc. insulam, an island
Voc. insula, 0 island
Abl. insula, by, with, from an island
Plur.
Nom. insulae, islands
Gen. msularum, of islands
Dat. insulis, to, for islands
Acc. insulas, islands
Voc. insulae, 0 islands
Abl. insulis. by, with, from islands
20
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VOCABULARY
Adjectives,
Feminine
r:;ipT U 6 N,TxD
Nom. Sing.
Nom. Plur.
L cn LepKo
arida,
aridae, dry, parched
'B, susoepRxe
aurea,
aureae, golden
OJCD*
frigida,
frigidae, cold
erqeNu FLexodxrr;
lata,
latae, broad, wide
siuisporescne
cnuNOxRe : Hosxutb
longa,
longae, long
CDISGRTUSeiUS*
lucidi
lUcidae, sparkling
exTeNOiTcnxNucn
plana,
planae, level
suxod enxNqeNs
rira,
rirae, thin , rare
eucn • mtiLLi : uolo
rotunda,
splendida,
rotundae, round
splendidae, splendid
odunDarg:
A PASSAGE FROM THE BIBLE
( Written in Latin.)
Sentences.
A
B
1. Corona est splendida.
1. Coronae sunt splendidae.
2. Gemma est lucida.
2. Gemmae sunt lucidae.
3. Insula est rotunda.
3. Insulae sunt rotundae.
4. Terra est lata.
4. Terrae sunt latae.
5. Corona est aurea.
5. Coronae sunt aureae.
6. Gemma est rara.
6. Gemmae sunt rarae.
7. Insula est longa.
7. Insulae sunt longae.
8. The country is cold.
8. The countries are cold.
: 9. The island is level.
9. The islands are level.
10. The land is parched.
10. The lands are dry.
21
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I
MASCULINE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
scriba (skree'ba), a clerk nauta (now'ta), a sailor
scriba is a Noun, Masc., First Decl. nauta is a Noun, Masc., First Decl.
Sing.
Nom.
scriba, a clerk
Sing.
Nom.
nauta, a sailor
Gen .
scribae, of a clerk
Gen.
nautae, of a sailor
Dat .
scribae, to, for a clerk
Dai.
nautae, to, for a sailor
Acc.
scribam, a clerk
Acc.
nautam, a sailor
Voc.
scriba, 0 clerk
Voc.
nauta, 0 sailor
AbL
scriba, by, with, from a clerk
Abl.
nauti, by, with, from a sailor
Plnr.
Nom.
scribae, clerks
Plur.
Nom.
nautae, sailors
Gen .
scribarum, of clerks
Gen.
nautarum, of sailors
Dat.
scribis, to, for clerks
Dat.
nautis, to, for sailors
Acc.
scrib&s, clerks
Acc.
nautSs, sailors
Voc.
scribae, 0 clerks
Voc.
nautae, 0 sailors
Abl.
scribis, by, with, from clerks
Abl.
nautis, by, with, from sailors
agricola (a gri'co la), a farmer
agricola is a Noun, Masc., First Decl.
auriga (ow ree'ga), a charioteer
auriga is a Noun, Masc., First Decl
Sing.
Notn.
agricola, a farmer
Sing.
Nom.
auriga, a charioteer
Gen.
agricolae, of a farmer
Gen.
aurigae, of a charioteer
Dat.
agricolae, to, for a farmer
Dai.
aurigae, to, for a charioteer
Acc.
agricolam, a farmer
Acc.
aurigam, a charioteer
Voc.
agricola, 0 farmer
Voc.
auriga, 0 charioteer
Abl.
agricoli, by, with, from a farmer
Abl.
auriga, by, with, from a charioteer
Plur.
Nom.
agricolae, farmers
Plur.
Nom.
aurigae, charioteers
Gen.
agricolarum, of farmers
Gen.
aurigirum, of charioteers
Dat.
agricolis, to, for farmers
Dat.
aurigis, to, for charioteers
Acc.
agricolas, farmers
Acc.
aurigas, charioteers
Voc.
agricolae, 0 farmers
Voc.
aurigae, 0 charioteers
Abl.
agricolis, by, with, from farmers
Abl.
aurigis, by, with, from charioteers
Note. — Nouns of this class have a Feminine form with a Masculine meaning. Some of them were
brought from Greece very long ago.
22
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VOCABULARY
Adjectives, Masculine
Nom. Sing. Nom. Plur.
benignus, benign!, kind
doctus, docti, learned
ign&rus, ignari, ignorant
ign&vus, ignivi, lazy
indostrius, indostrii, industrious
injustU8, injusti, unjust
promptus, prompt!, prompt
saperbus, superb!, proud
timidus, timid!, timid
validus, valid!, strong
Table of Terminations
S.
N. agri'coia, a farmer (•«*;.)
G. ae, of a
D. ae, to , for
Ac. am, a ( ) W.)
V. a, 0
Ab. a, by , with , from
PL
N. ae, farmers («**;•)
G. arum, of
D . is, to, for
Ac. &8, ( )s (obj-)
V. ae, 0
Ab. is, by, with, from
A
1. Agricola est benignus.
2. Agricola est industrius.
3. Agricola est validus.
4. Scriba est timidus.
5. Scriba est doctus.
6. Scriba est injustus.
7. Nauta est promptus.
8. The charioteer is lazy.
9. The charioteer is ignorant.
10. The charioteer is proud.
8. The charioteers are lazy.
9. The charioteers are ignorant.
10. The charioteers are proud.
23
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I
ROMAN GEOGRAPHY
Italia (55 talia), Italy
Italia is a Noun, Fem.. First Decl., Sing, only
Sing.
Nam. Italia, Italy
Gen . Italiae, of Italy
Dot. Italiae, to, for Italy
Acc. Italiam, Italy
Voc. Italia, 0 Italy
Abl. Italia, by, with , from Italy
Roma (ro'ma), Rome
Roma is a Noun, Fem., First Decl., Sing, only
Sing.
Nom. R5ma, Rome
Gen. Rdmae, of Rome
Dai. Rdmae, to, for Rome
Acc. Rbmam, Rome
Voc. Roma, 0 Rome
Abl. Rdma, by, with, from Rome
Graecia (graye'kia), Greece
Graecia is a Noun, Fem., First Decl., Sing, only
Sing.
Nam . Graecia, Greece
Gen. Graeciae, of Greece
Dat. Graeciae, to, for Greece
Acc. Graeciam, Greece
Voc. Graecia, 0 Greece
Abl. Graecia, by, with , from Greece
Athdnae (atha'naye), Athene
Athenae is a Noun, Fem., First Decl., Plur. only
Plur.
Nam. Athenae, Athens
Gen. Athenarum, of Athens
Dat. Athdnis, to, for Athens
Acc. Athdnds, Athens
Voc. Athenae, 0 Athens
Abl. Athenis, by, with, from Athens
Rule of Gender. — Most names of Countries , Islands, and Towns are Feminine.
Examples for Declension
Europe, ae, F. Europe
Asia, ae, F. Asia
India, ae, F. India
Arabia, ae, F., Arabia
Italia, ae, F. Italy
Graecia, ae, F. Greece
Britannia, ae, F. Britain
Germania, ae, F. Germany
Sicilia, ae, F. Sicily
Palestine, ae, F. Palestine
Note. — The selection of Names from the 3
Roman Geography.
Roma, ae, F. Rome
Fldrentia, ae, F. Florence
Troja, ae, F. Gr. Troy
Sparta, ae, F. Gr. Sparta
Alexandria, ae, F. Or. Alexandria
Hierosolyma, orum, Gr. (N. PI. 2d) Jerusalem
Athenae, drum, F. Gr. Athens
Pisae, drum, F. Or. Pisa
Thebae, drum, F. Gr. Thebes
Syrdcdsae, drum, F. Gr. Syracuse
[aps for practice in Declension gives also a knowledge of
24
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Digitized by v^.ooQLe
THE ROMAN WORLD
SECOND DECLENSION— NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
SECOND DECLENSION. The o Nouns (6 Stems )
Endin gs ( The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the Second Declension ends in L
***? ) The Nominative Singular ends in f us * Masculine.
Gender. I * l um, Neuter.
and < The Nominative Sir
Gender. I
hortus (hor'toos), a garden
hortus is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
servos (ser'woos), a slave
servos is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom.
Gen .
Dot .
Acc.
Voc.
Abl.
bolt.™,/”' 0 "''?
I the garden
hort-i, of a garden
hort-5, to, for a garden
hort-um, a garden
hort-e, 0 garden
hort-o, by, i cith, from a garden
Sing.
Nom. servos, a slave
Gen . servi, of a slave
Dat. serv5, to, for a slave
Acc . servum, a slave
Voc. serve, 0 slave
Abl. serv5, by, with , from a slave
Plur.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Voc.
Abl.
t j f gardens
* \ the gardens
hort-5rum, of gardens
hort-is, to, for gardens
hort-os, gardens
hort-i, 0 gardens
hort-is, by, with, from gardens
Plur.
Nom. servi, slaves
Gen. servdrum, of slaves
Dat. servis, to, for slaves
Acc. servds, slaves
Voc. servi, 0 slaves
Abl. servis, by, with, from slaves
milus (ma'loos), an apple-tree
mains is a Noun, Fem., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. milus, an apple-tree
Gen. mili, of an apple-tree
Dat. mild, to, for an apple-tree
Acc. malum, an apple-tree
Voc. male, 0 apple-tree
Abl. mil5, by, with, from an apple-tree
Plur.
Nom. mili, apple-trees
Gen. malorum, of apple-trees
Dat. malis, to, for apple-trees
Acc. maids, apple-trees
Voc. mali, 0 apple-trees
Abl. malis, by, with, from apple-trees
equus (ek'woos), a horse
eqous is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. eqous, a horse
Gen. equi, of a horse
Dat. equ5, to, for a horse
Acc. equom, a horse
Voc. eque, 0 horse
Abl. equ5, by, with , from a horse
Plur.
Nom. equi, horses
Gen. equorum, of horses
Dat. equis, to, for horses
Acc. equos, horses
Voc. equi, 0 horses
Abl. equis, by, with, from horses
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ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND
SECOND DECLENSIONS
bonus, good
Table of Terminations
Sing.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
S. M.
F.
N.
Horn.
bonus
bona
bonum
N. bon'us bon'a bon'um
Gen.
boni
bonae
boni
G.
i
ae
i
Dat .
bond
bonae
bond
D.
d
ae
d
Acc.
bonum
bonam
bonum
Ac.
um
am
n m
Voc.
bone
bona
bonum
V.
e
a
um
Abl.
bond
bona
bond
Ab.
o
a
d
Plur.
Norn.
boni
bonae
bona
PI.
N.
i
ae
a
Gen.
bondrum
bonarum
bondrum
G.
drum
drum
drum
Dat.
bonis
bonis
bonis
D.
is
is
is
Acc.
bonds
bonis
bona
Ac.
ds
is
a
Voc.
boni
bonae
bona
V.
i
ae
a
Abl .
bonis
bonis
bonis
Ab.
is
is
is
Role. — The Adjective must agree with its Noun in Gender f Number, and Case , but need not in Declension .
Examples for Declension
altos, alta, altum, high , deep benignus, benigna, benignum, kind
litus, lita, litum, broad , wide splendidus, splendida, splendidum, bright
magnus, magna f magnum, great , large timidus, timida, timidum, timid
Adjective Phrases
,
(Emphatic position)
A
B
C
1. bonus hortus
1. bona femina
1.
2. boni horti
2. bonae feminae
2.
3. bonus equus
3. bona puella
3.
4. bon! equl
4. bonae puellae
4.
-5. bonus servus
5. bona regina
5.
6. boni servi
6. bonae rdginae
6.
7. bonus poeta
7. bona terra
7.
8. boni poetae
8. bonae terrae
8.
9. bonus nauta'
9. bona malus
9.
10. boni nautae
10. bonae mall
10.
11. a good farmer
11. a kind woman
11.
12. good farmers
12. kind women
12.
13. a good charioteer
13. a just queen
13.
14. good charioteers
14. unjust queens
14.
27
ignarus servus
ignavi servi
industrius agricola
industril agricolae
superbus auriga
superba reglna
ignarus nauta
parva puella
antlqua porta
parvae Insulae
an industrious woman
industrious women
a large garden
a proud slave
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2
I NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
gl&dius (glad'i oos), a sword
fi&dius is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom.
... fa sword
Gen.
gl&di-i or gl&di, of a sword
Dat.
gladi-5, to, for a sword
Acc.
gladi-um, a sword
Voc.
gl&di-e or gladi, 0 sword
Abl.
gladi-o, by, with, from a sword
Plur.
Nom.
.... f swords
* lt \ the swords
Gen.
gladi-drum, of swords
Dat.
gl&di-is, to, for swords
Acc.
gl&di-ds, swords
Voc.
gladi-i, 0 swords
Abl.
gl&di-is, by, with, from swords
nuntius (noOn'ti oos), a messenger
nuntius is a Noun, Masc* Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. nuntius, a messenger
Gen . nuntii or nunti, of a messenger
Dai. nuntio, to, for a messenger
Act\ nuntium, a messenger
Voc. nuntie or nunti, 0 messenger
Abl. nuntio, by, with, from a messenger
Plur.
Nom. nuntii, messengers
Gen. nuntidrum, of messengers
Dot. nuntiis, to, for messengers
Acc. nuntio s, messengers
Voc. nuntii, 0 messengers
Abl. nuntiis, by, with, from messengers
fluvius (floo'wi oos), a river
fluvius is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. fluvius, a river
Gen. fluvii or fluvi, of a river
Dat. fluvio, to, for a river
Acc. fluvium, a river
Voc. fluvie or fluvi, 0 river
Abl. fluvio, by, with, from a river
Plur.
Nom. fluvii, rivers
Gen. fluviorum, of rivers
Dat. fluviis, to, for rivers
Acc. fluvids, rivers
Voc. fluvii, 0 rivers
Abl. fluviis, by, with, from rivers
genius (gen'T oos), a genius
genius is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. genius, a genius
Gen. genii or geni, of a genius
Dai. genid, to, for a genius
Acc. genium, a genius
Voc. geni, 0 genius
Abl. geni5, by, with, from a genius
Plur.
Nom. genii, genii
Gen. genidrum, of genii
Dat. geniis, to, for genii
Acc. genids, genii
Voc. genii, 0 genii
Abl. geniis, by, with, from gmii
28
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HOW TO PARSE NOUNS, WITH
DIAGRAM
Tables of Terminations
Noun, Masc. Sec’d Gen. Plur.
senr drum
slave s f of
N. M. 2 D. S. N. M. 2 Ab. P.
hort 5 hort is
a garden to garden \s, from
N. M. 2 Ac. S. N. F. 2 Ac. P.
_ i;.
equ am mal 5s
a horse apple-tree s
Words
(to parse.)
1. hort!
11. puellae
2. horte
12. reglnam
3. servum
13. scrlba
4. servSs
14. nautls
5. equis
15. agricolas
6. portas
16. corona
7. rosa
17. terra
8. poetae
18. gemmls
9. violls
19. Insulae
10. fdminarum
20. Roinam
S.
N. hor'tus, a garden (*obj.)
G.
i, of a
D.
6, to, for
Ac.
urn, a (... .) ( obj .)
V.
e, 0
Ab.
6, by, with, from
PI.
N.
i, gardens («*W.)
G.
drum, of
D.
is to, for
Ac.
OS, ( )s iobj.)
V.
i, 0
Ab.
Is, by, with, from
8.
N. gl&'di
US,
a sword {mbj )
*G.
i,
of a
D.
5,
to, for
Ac.
am,
a ( . . . . ) (obj.)
V.
e,
0
Ab.
6,
by, with, from
PL
N.
h
swords (w&j )
G.
drum,
of
D.
is,
to, for
Ac.
ds,
(. . . .)s (obj.)
V.
i,
0
Ab. |is, by, with, from
* Cicero frequently said gla'di
29
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2 ager (a'ger), afield
ager is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. ager, a field
Gm. agri, of a field
Dat. agro, to, for a field
Acc. agrum, a field
Voc. ager, 0 field
Abl. agr8, by, with, from afield
Plur.
Nom. agri, fields
Gen. agrdrum, of fields
Dat. agris, to, for fields
Acc. agr5s, fields
Voc. agri, 0 fields
Abl. agris, by, with, from fields
magister (magis'ter), a master
magister is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. magister, a master
Gm. magistri, of a master
Dai. m&gistrS, to, for a master
Acc. magistrum, a master
1'oc. magister, 0 master
Abl. magistro, by, with, from a master
Plur.
Nom. magistri, masters
Gm. magistrorum, of masters
Dat. magistris, to, for masters
Acc. magistrds, masters
Voc. magistri, 0 masters
Abl. magistris, by, with, from masters
30
caper (ka'per), a goat
caper is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. caper, a goat
Gm. capri, of a goat
Dat. capro, to, for a goat
Acc. caprum, a goat
Voc. caper, 0 goat
Abl. capr5, by, with, from a goat
Plur.
Nom. capri, goats
Gm. caprorum, of goats
Dat. capris, to, for goats
Acc. caprds, goats
Voc. capri, 0 goats
Abl. capris, by, with, from goats
minister (mlnis'ter), a servant
minister is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. minister, a servant
Gm. minutri, of a servant
Dat. ministro, to, for a servant
Acc. ministram, a servant
Voc. minister, 0 servant
Abl. ministrS, by, with, from a servant
Plur.
Nom. ministri, servants
Gm. ministrorum, of servants
Dat. ministris, to, for servants
Acc. ministrSs, servants
Voc. ministri, 0 servants
Abl. ministris, by, with, from servants
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ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND
SECOND DECLENSIONS
niger, black
8ing.
Masc.
Fein.
Neut.
Norn.
niger
nigra
nigrum
Gen.
nigri
nigrae
nigri
Dat.
nigr5
nigrae
nigrb
Acc .
nigrum
nigram
nigrum
Voc.
niger
nigra
nigrum
Abl.
nigr5
'nigri
nigrb
Viva.
Nom.
nigri
nigrae
nigra
Gen.
nigrbrum
nigrarum
nigrorum
Dal.
nigris
nigris
nigris
Acc.
nigros
nigris
nigra
Voc.
nigri
nigrae
nigra
Abl.
nigris
nigris
nigris
Examples for Declension
niger, nigra, nig ram, black
iter, Stra, Strom, dark
aeger, aegra, aegram, sick , ill
integer, integra, integrum, whole
piger, pigra, pigram, slothful , slow
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrom, beautiful
raber, rabra, rubram, red , ruddy
sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred
Note. — In conversation and composition the
Romans usually put the Adjective after the Noun;
but when desiring to emphasize , as when speaking
earnestly or excitedly, they placed the Adjective
before the Noun. •
Rule. — Normal Position , Adjective second.
Emphatic Position , Adjective first.
Table of Terminations
8. M. F. N.
N. niger nigra nigrum
G. nigri ae i
D. 6 ae 5
Ac. nm am nm
V . niger a um
Ab. nigr|5 |S |b
PI.
N.
i
ae
a
G.
brum
arum
oram
D.
is
is
18
Ac.
bs
Ss
a
V.
i
ae
a
Ab.
is
is
is
Adjectiye Phrases
Normal position
A
B
1. ager sacer
1. agri sacri
2. caper niger
2. capri nigri
3. magister aeger
3. magistri aegri
4. minister piger
4. ministri pigri
5. femina aegra
4. feminae aegrae
6. puella pulchra
6. puellae pulchrae
7. equus niger
7. equl nigri
8. regina pulchra
8. regtnae pulchrae
9. scriba piger
9. scribae pigri
10. gemma pulchra
10. gemmae pulchrae
11. rosa alba
11. rosae albae
12. viola pulchra
12. violae pulchrae
13. agricola aeger
13. agricolae aegri
14. nauta piger
14. nautae pigri
15. malus pulchra
15. mall pulchrae
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vir (weer), a man
yir is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
puer (pdo'er), a boy
puer is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sin g.
Nom. puer, a boy
Gen. puer-i, of a boy
Dot. puer-d, to , for a boy
Acc. puer-um, a boy
Voc. puer, 0 boy
Abl. puer-6, by, with , from a boy
Plur.
Nom . puer-i, boys
Gen. puer-drum, of boys
Dai. puer-is, to, for boys
Acc. puer-5s, boys
Voc. puer-i, 0 boys
Abl. puer-is, by, with, from boys
gener (gen'er), a son-in-law
gener is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
8inf.
Nom. gener, a son-in-law
Gen. generi, of a son-in-law
Dai. gener5, to, for a son-in-law
Acc. generum, a son-in-law
Voc. gener, 0 son-in-law
Abl. generd, by, with, from a son-in-law
Plur.
Nom . generi, sons-in-law
Gen. generdrum, of sons-in-law
Dai. generis, to, for sons-in-law
Acc. generds, sons-in-law
Voc. generi, 0 sons-in-law
Abl . generis, by, with , from sons-in-law
8ing.
Nom. vir, a man
Gen. viri, of a man
Dai. vir8, to, for a man
Acc. virum, a man
Voc. vir, 0 man
Abl. vir6, by, with, from a man
Plur.
Nom. viri, men
Gen. virorum, of men
Dat. viris, to, for men
Acc. vir5s, men
Voc. viri, 0 men
Abl. viris, by, with, from men
socer (so'kSr), a father-in4aw
socer is a Noun, Masc., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. socer, a father-in4aw
Gen. soceri, of a father-in4aw
Dai. socer5, to, for a father-in-law
Acc. socerum, a fathcr-in4aw
Voc. socer, 0 fathcr-in4aw
Abl. socer5, by, with, from a f other 4n4aw
Plur.
Nom. soceri, fathers4n4aw
Gen. socerdrum, of faihers-in-law
Dat. soceris, to, for fathers-in-law
Acc. socerds, fathers-in-law
Voc. soceri, 0 fat he rs-in 4 aw
Abl . soceris, by, vrith, from fathcrs-in4aw
32
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ADJECTIVES. OF THE FIRST AND
SECOND DECLENSIONS
Table of Terminations
tener, tender
Sing.
Masc.
Fem.
Nent.
s.
Norn.
tener
tenera
teneram
N.
Gen .
teneri
tenerae
teneri
G.
Dot .
tener5
tenerae
tenero
D.
Acc.
tenerom
teneram
teneram
Ac.
Vac.
tener
tenera
teneram
V.
Abi
tenero
tenera
tenero
Ab.
Mur.
FI.
Nom .
teneri
tenerae
tenera
N.
Gen .
teneromm
tenerimm
tenerorom
G.
Dai .
teneris
teneris
teneris
D.
Acc.
teneros
teneras
tenera
Ac.
Voc.
teneri
tenerae
tenera
V.
Abl.
teneris
teneris
teneris
Ab.
M.
tener
i
5
nm
tener
5
F.
tener a
ae
ae
am
a
&
N.
tener nm
i
5
nm
nm
5
Examples for Declension
Phrases
Sentences
tener,
tenera,
teneram, tender
1.
A
B
puer asper
1.
Puer est miser.
nsper,
aspera,
asperam, rough , harsh
2.
puella tenera
2.
Vir est dexter.
3.
pueri asperl
3.
Feminae sunt tenerae.
liber,
libera,
liberam, free
4.
puellae tenerae
4.
Terrae sunt asperae.
miser,
misera,
miseram, wretched ,
5.
vir miser
5.
Aurlgae sunt dexteri.
miserable
6.
femina misera
6.
Socer est asper.
7.
viri dexter!
7.
Gener est miser.
satur,
satara,
saturum, full of food
8.
feminae miserae
8.
Magistri sunt asperi.
corniger,
cornigera,
cornigerom, homed ,
horn-wearing
9.
viola tenera
9.
Ministri sunt miseri.
10.
terrae asperae
10.
Rosae sunt tenerae.
dexter,
dextera,
dexterum, 'J handy ,
l on the right.
11.
a horned goat
11.
The man is dexterous.
dexter,
dextra,
, . ( dexterous,
aextram, ) favorable
12.
a free man
12.
The boy is free.
13.
a proud father-
13.
The son-in-law is
in-law kind.
Note. — I n parsing orally an Adjective may be miserable men 14. The fields are rough,
classed as Adj. 1-2, declined likeniger, or like tener. 15. a handy sailor 15. Goats are horned.
33
Digitized by ^.ooQle
2
NEUTER NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
regnum (reg'noom), a kingdom
regnum is a Noun, Neut., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. regn-um, a kingdom
Gen . regn-i, of a kingdom
Dot. regn-5, to , for a kingdom
Acc. regn-um, a kingdom
Voc. regn-um, 0 kingdom
Abl. regn-o, by, with, from a kingdom
Plur.
Nom. regn-a, kingdoms
Gen . regn-orum, of kingdoms
Dot . regn-is, to, for kingdoms
Acc . regn-a, kingdoms
Voc. regn-a, 0 kingdoms
Abl. regn-is, by, with, from kingdoms
templum (tem'ploom), a temple
templum is a Noun, Neut., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. templum, a temple
Gen. tempi!, of a temple
Dot. templd, to, for a temple
Acc. templum, a temple
Voc. templum, 0 temple
Abl. templd, by, with, from a temple
Plur.
Nom. tenipla, temples
Gen. templorum, of temples
Dai. templis, to, for temples
Acc. templa, temples
Voc. templa, 0 temples
Abl. templis, by, with, from temples
saxum (sax'oom), a rock
saxum is a Noun, Neut., Second Decl
8ing.
Nom. saxum, a rock
Gen. saxi, of a rock
Dat. saxo, to, for a rock
Acc. saxum, a rock
Voc. saxum, 0 rock
Abl. saxo, by, with, from a rock
Plur.
Nom. saxa, rocks
Gen. saxorum, of rocks
Dai. saxis, to, for rocks
Acc. saxa, rocks
Voc. saxa, 0 rocks
Abl. saxis, by, with, from rocks
praemium (praye'me oom), a reward
praemium is a Noun, Neut., Second Decl.
Sing.
Nom. praemium, a reward
Gen. praemii or praemi, of a reward
Dat. praemio, to, for a reward
Acc. praemium, a reward
Voc. praemium, 0 reward
Abl. praemid, by, with, from a reward
Plur.
Nom. praemia, rewards
Gen. praemiorum, of rewards
Dat. praemiis, to, for rncards
Acc. praemia, rcicards
Voc. praemia, 0 rewards
Abl. praemiis, by, with, from rewards
Digitized by L.ooQle
HOW TO PARSE PHRASES, WITH
DIAGRAM
Phrase: bondrum gladiorum
Adj. 1-2
bon|
good
Adj. 1-2
bon
good |
G. P. M.
drum
N. M. 2,G. P.
gl&di
sword
orum
i* of
Phrase: bonae terrae
D. S. F.
ae
N. F. 1 D. S.
terr
a country
ae
for
Phrase: fluviis magnis
I Noun, M. 2Ab. P. Adj. 1-2'Ab. P. M.
fluviis
river s by
magn
great
is
8 .
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
PI.
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
Table of Terminations
reg'n|um, a kingdom ( subj .)
l, of a
6, to, for
|um, a ( ) (Obj.)
um, 0
5, by, with, from
a, kingdoms (Subj.)
drum, of
|is, to, for
|a, ( )s (Obj.)
a, 0
M, by, with, from
Phrases
Words
A To parse
B
To parse
1. hortus bonus
1 .
equl
2. terra bona
2.
Insulae
3. praemium bonum
3.
praemia
4. fluvius magnus
4.
gladil
5. corona magna
5.
gemmae
6. saxum magnum
6 .
regna
7. poeta antlquus
7.
nuntil
8. regina antiqua
8.
feminae
9. templum antiquum
9.
templa
10. malus antiqua
10.
agricolae
Phrases
Words
C To parse
D
To parse
1. hortorum bonorum
1 .
equls
2. terrarum bonarum
2.
Insulls
3. praemiorum bonorum
3.
praemils
4. fluviis magnis
4.
gladils
5. coronis magnis
5.
gemmls
6. saxls magnis
6.
regnis
7. poetas antlquos
7.
nuntios
8. reglnas antlquas
8.
feminas
9. templa antiqua
9.
saxa
10. malos antlquas
10.
aurlgas
35
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THIRD DECLENSION— NOUNS
THIRD DECLENSION. The consonant and i Nouns , (consonant Stems , i Stems)
Endings. — The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the Third ends in is.
The Nominative Singular ends in various letters (originally only in s).
Qender. — Nouns of the Third are of all three Genders.
They may be arranged in ten classes according to their
Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, m, n, r, called Liquid (or flowing) stems,
5, c or g, called Guttural (or throat) stems, consonant
6, b or p, called Labial (or lip) stems, stems.
Stem-letter, viz. : < 7, d or t, called Dental (or tooth) stems,
8, i (monosyllables increasing),
9, i (polysyllables not increasing),
10, v (= the consonant u ),
►vowel stems.
CLASS 1 — Nouns
in 1,
Genitive 1-is
Sing.
Sing.
Nom.
851, the sun, Mam*
Nom.
c5nsul, the consul, Masc.
Gen.
s5Ms, of the sun
Gen.
c5nsulis, of the consul
Dai.
8511, to, for the sun
Dot.
cbnsuli, to, for the consul
Acc .
s51em, the sun
Acc.
consulem, the consul
Voc.
s51, 0 sun
Voc.
consul, 0 consul
Abl.
s51e, by, with , from the sun
Abl.
c5n8Ule, by, with, from the consul
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
8515s, suns
Nom.
c5nsul5s, consuls
Gen.
(mostly.
Gen.
c5nsulum, of consuls
time
Dai.
sSlibus, 'IZ
Dat.
c5n8ulibU8, to, for consuls
Acc.
to
s51Ss, «*»•
Acc.
c5nsules, consuls
—days.)
Voc.
85158,
Voc.
c5n8ul5s, 0 consuls
Abl.
s51ibus,
Abl.
cbnsulibus, by, with , from consuls
36
Digitized by VnOOQle
ENGUSH-LATIN VOCABULARY
Table of Terminations
Adj’s, 1-2
8.
N.
cbnsul
the consul («dy.)
just ,
Justus, a, um
G.
i
t
is,
of the
unjust,
injustus, a, um
D.
3
i
1.
to, for
good ,
bonus, a, um
Ac.
t
em,
the (....)
bind ,
benignus, a, um
V.
cSnsul
0
learned ,
doctus, a, um
Ab.
e,
by, with, from
proud ,
superbus, a, um
PL
N.
es,
the consuls (*ubj )
industrious ,
industrius, a, um
a.
am,
of the
ill, sick ,
aeger, gra, gram
D.
ibus,
to, for
wretched ,
miser, era, eram
Ac.
es,
the (. . . .)* (obj.)
harsh , rough ,
asper, era, eram
V.
is,
0
bad ,
malus, a, um
Ab.
ibus,
by, with, from
Nom., Sing.
Sentences
Nom., Sing.
A
Write in Latin and English
B
Read in Latin and English.
1. The consul is just.
2. The consul is unjust.
3. The consul is good.
4. The consul is kind.
5. The consul is learned.
6. The consul is proud.
7. The consul is industrious.
1. The sun is old.
2. The sun is large.
3. The sun is beautiful.
4. The sun is bright.
5. The sun is round.
6. The sun is golden.
7. The sun is high
8. CSnsul est aeger.
9. CSnsul est miser.
10. Consul est asper.
8. Puer est liber.
9. Regina est superba.
10. Agricola est indust rius.
37
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
3
CLASS 2. — Nouns in s, Genitive m-is
Table of Terminations
Sing.
(only one)
s.
Norn,
hiems, winter. F.
A\ virg
i, a maiden («*W )
Gen.
hiemis, of winter /
G.
inis, of a
Dai,
hiexni, to, for winter
D.
ini, to, for
Acc,
hiemem, winter
Ac.
inem, a ( ) w.)
Voc.
hiems, 0 winter
V.
i, 0
Abl,
hieme, by, with, from winter
A b.
ine, by, with, from
Plur.
PI.
Nom.
hiemis, winters
N.
inis, maidens hubj.)
Gen,
hiemum, of winters (rare)
G.
inum, of
Dai .
hiemibus, to, for winters (rare)
D.
inibus, to, for
Acc,
hiemis, winters
Ac.
inis, ( )s (otj.)
Voc,
hiemis, 0 winters
V.
inis, 0
Abl
hiemibus, by, with, from winters (rare)
Ab.
inibus, by, with, from
CLASS 3. — Nouns
in n and o, Genitive n-is
8inf.
' (n lost.)
Sing.
(n loet.)
Nom.
Virgo, a maiden. F.
Nom. lei, the lion. M.
Gen.
virginis, of a maiden
Gen. leinis, of the lion
Dai.
virgin!, to, for a maiden
Dot. leini, to, for the lion
Acc.
virginem, a maiden
Acc. leinem, the lion
Voc.
Virgo, 0 maiden
Voc. lei, 0 lion
Abl.
virgine, by, with, from a maiden
Abl. leine, by, mth, from the lion
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
virginis, maidens
Nom. leinis, lions
Gen.
virginum, of maidens
Gen. leinum, of lions
Dal.
virginibus, to, for maidens
Dat. leinibus, to, for lions
Acc.
virginis, maidens
Acc. leinis, lions
Voc.
virginis, 0 maidens
Voc. leinis, 0 lions
Abl.
virginibus, by, with , from maidens
Abl. leinibus, by, with , from lions
38
Digitized by CjOO^Ic
ENGUSH-LATIN VOCABULARY
Adj’s, 1-2
timid ,
timidas, a, am
tender ,
toner, era, erum
wretched ,
miser, era, erum
ill, sick,
aeger, gra, gram
beautiful,
palcher, chra, chrum
large,
magnus, a, am
old.
antiquus, a, am
proud,
saperbas, a, am
strong , stout,
validas, a, am
much , sing. |
many , plur. ]
maltas, a, am
yellow ,
flivas, a, am
lazy,
ign&vus, a, am
Diagram for Parsing English to Latin
Sentences
Subj.
Vb.
Pred. Adj.
Maiden
8
are
good
Virgin
es
sunt
bon
ae
N. F. 3
N. P.
3d. Plur.
Adj. 1-2
N. P. F.
Rule. — The Subject of a Verb is in the Nomina-
tive Case.
Rule. — The Verb agrees with its Subject in Per-
son and Number.
Rule. — The Predicate Adjective agrees with the
Subject Noun of the Verb in Gender , Number, and Case.
Nom., Plur., Fem.
A Write in Latin and English; also parte.
1. The maidens are just.
2. The maidens are good.
3. The maidens are kind.
4. The maidens are proud.
5. The maidens are industrious.
6. The maidens are timid.
7. The maidens are tender.
8. Virgines sunt miserae.
9. Virgines sunt aegrae.
10. Virgines sunt pulchrae.
Sentences
Nom., Plur., Masc.
B Read in Latin and English.
1. Lions are large.
2. Lions are old.
3. Lions are proud.
4. Lions are strong.
5. Lions are many.
6. Lions are yellow.
7. Lions are lazy.
8. Leones sunt pulchri.
9. Capri sunt timid!.
10. Equl sunt industrii.
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
CLASS 4 . — Nouns in r, Genitive r-is
3
Sing.
Nom .
pater, /crftar. M.
Sing.
Nom.
miter, mother. F.
Gen .
p&tris, o/ a father
Gen.
mitris, of a mother
Dai.
patri, to, /or a /a/tar
Dot.
matri, to, for a mother
Acc.
patrem, /a/for *
Acc.
mitrem, mother
Voc.
pater, 0 father
Voc.
miter, 0 mother
Abl
patre, by, with, from a father
Abl.
mitre, by, with , from a mother
Plur.
Nom,
( fathers
P “"*' i forefathers
Plur.
Nom .
( mothers
mitris, < women
( ladies
Gen .
patrum, o/ fathers
Gen.
mitrum, of mothers
Dot.
patribus, to, /or fathers
Dot.
mitribus, to, for mothers
Acc,
patris, fathers
Acc.
mitres, mothers
Voc.
patris, 0 fathers
Voc.
mitris, 0 mothers
Abl.
patribus, by, with, from fathers
Abl.
mitribus, by, with, from mothers
Sing.
Nom.
friter, brother. M.
Sing.
Nom.
soror, sister. F.
Gen.
fritris, of a brother
Gen.
sororis, of a sister
Dot.
fritri, to, for a brother
Dat.
soriri, to, for a sister
Acc.
fritrem, brother
Acc.
sorirem, sister
Voc.
friter, 0 brother
Voc.
soror, 0 sister
Abl.
fritre, by, with, from a brother
Abl.
sorire, by, with, from a sister
Plur.
Nom.
fritris, brothers
Plur.
Nom.
soriris, sisters
Gen.
fritrum, of brothers
Gen.
sorirum, of sisters
Dat.
fritribus, to, for brothers
Dat.
soriribus, to, for sisters
Acc.
fritris, brothers
Acc.
soriris, sisters
Voc.
fritris, 0 brothers
Voc.
soriris, 0 sisters
Abl.
fritribus, by, with, from brothers
Abl.
soriribus, by, with, from sisters
40
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PUERI ET PUELLAE ROMAE
Phrases
Genitives
Write in Latin and Bnglittk. Normal position ,
A
B
1. of a good boy
1. of good boys
2. of a good girl
2. of good girls
3. of a good man
3. of kind fathers
4. of a good woman
4. of kind mothers
5. of a good father
5. of strong men
6. of a good mother
6. of strong women
7. of a good brother
7. of learned brothers
8. sororis bonae
8. sororum tenerarum
9. virginis bonae
9. virginum bonarum
10. agricolae boni
10. agricolarum
validorum
Datives
Read in Latin and English. Emphatic position.
C
D
1 . to a good boy
1. to good boys
2. for a good girl
2. for good girls
3. to a good man
3. to kind fathers
4. for a good woman
4. for kind mothers
5. to a good father
5. to strong men
6. for a good mother
6. for strong women
7. to a good brother
7. to learned brothers
8. bonae sororl
8. teneris sororibus
9. bonae virgin!
9. pulchris virginibus
10. bono agricolae
10. benignls agricolls
41
Digitized by ^.ooQle
CLASS 4 (Continued). — Nouns in 8, Genitive r-is
Sinf.
Sinf.
Nom.
pulvis, dust.
M.
Nom.
fids, a flower. M.
Gen .
pulveris, of dust
Gen.
fidris, of a flower
Dai.
pulveri, to, for dust
Dat .
fldri, to, for a flower
Acc.
pulverem, dust
Acc.
fldrem, a flower
Voc.
pulvis, 0 dust
Voc.
fids, 0 flower
Abl.
pulvere, by, with, from dust
Abl .
fldre, by, with, from a flower
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
pulveris, '
Nom .
fldrds, flowers
Gen.
pulverum,
Gen.
fldrum, of flowers
Dai.
pulveribus,
► Very ran
Dat .
fldribus, to, for flowers
Acc.
pulveris,
Acc.
fiords, flowers
Voc.
pulveris,
Voc.
fldrds, 0 flowers
Abl.
pulveribus, .
Abl.
fldribus, by, with, from flowers
Sinf.
Sinf.
{also i stems)
Nom.
mis, custom.
M.
Nom.
mils, a mouse, a rat. C. (common sender)
Gen.
moris, of custom
Gen.
milris, of a mouse
Dat.
mori, to, for custom
Dat.
mQri, to, for a mouse
Acc.
morem, custom
Acc.
mfirem, a mouse
Voc.
mos, 0 custom
Voc.
mils, 0 mouse
Abl.
mdre, by, with, from custom
Abl.
mfire, by, with, from a mouse
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
miris, manners,
Nom.
mfires, mice
Gen.
monun, of manners
Gen.
mfirium, of mice
Dat.
m5ribus, to, for manners
Dat.
milribus, to, for mice
Acc.
mdris, manners
Acc.
mures, is, mice
Voc.
mdrds, 0 manners
Voc.
milrds, 0 mice
Abl.
mdribus, by.
with, from manners
Abl.
milribus, by, with, from mice
42
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
ENGUSH-LATIN VOCABULARY
Adj’s, 1-!
good,
bad,
great, large,
%
small , little,
hot ,
cold,
brisk, ^strenuous,
lazy, idle ,
slothful, slow,
active, busy t
!, Opp08it68
bonus, a, am
mains, a am
m&gnus, a, am
parvus, a am
calidus, a, am
frlgidus, a, am
strSnaas, a, am
ignftvas, a am
piger, gra, gram
impiger, gra, gram
MILES ROMANUS
Voc&Myiis
Write in Latin and E
A
1. O beautiful flower!
2. O beautiful rose!
3. O tender flower!
4. O tender violet!
5. O strenuous
farmer!
6. O good queen!
7. O kind father!
ith. Normal portion.
B
1. O beautiful flowers!
2. O beautiful roses!
3. O tender flowers!
4. O tender violets!
5. O strenuous
farmers!
6. O good queens!
7. O kind fathers!
Read in Latin and Bn
c
1. O little mouse!
2. O timid mouse!
3. O great gate!
4. O unjust poet!
5. Idle man!
6. Slothful messen-
ger!
7. O lazy river!
fc. Emphatic pooition.
D
1. O little mice!
2. O timid mice!
3. O great gates!
4. O unjust poets!
5. O busy men!
6. Slothful messen-
gers!
7. O broad rivers!
8. O mater tenera!
9. O led superbe!
10. O male mala!
8. O matres tenerae!
9. O leones superbl!
10. Musae sacrae!
8. O misera virgo! 8. O miserae virgines!
9. O sacrum templum! 9. O sacra templa!
10. Hiems frlgida! 10. Vir Romane!
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3
CLASS 5. — Nouns in x (=
cs or gs).
Genitive c-is or g-is
Sing.
Noth.
fax, a torch. F.
Sing.
Nom.
lex, law. F.
Gen .
fads, of a torch
Gen.
legis, of law
Dai.
fad, to , for a torch
Dat.
lSgi, to, for law
Acc.
facem, a torch
Acc.
legem, law
Voc.
fax, 0 torch
Voc.
lex, 0 law
Abl.
face, by, with , from a torch
Abl.
lege, by, with, from low
Plur.
Norn.
faces, torches
Plur.
Nom.
legis, the laws
Gen.*
Gen.
legum, of laws
Dai.
facibus, to, for torches
Dai .
legibus, to, for lam
Acc.
faces, torches
Acc.
leges, laws
Voc.
faces, 0 torches
Voc.
liges, 0 laws
Abl.
fadbus, by, with, from torches
Abl.
legibus, by, with, from laws
Sin f.
Nom.
v5 x, the voice. F.
Sing.
Nom.
dux, a leader . C.
Gen.
vdcis, of the voice
Gen .
ducis, of a leader
Dai.
voci, to, for the voice
Dai.
dud, to, for a leader
Acc.
vdcem, the voice
Acc.
ducem, a leader
Voc.
▼5x, 0 voice
Voc.
dux, 0 leader
Abl.
Y$ce, by, with, from the voice
Abl.
duce, by, with, from a leader
Plur.
Nom.
y5c5s, voices
Plur.
Nom.
ducis, leaders
Gen.
vCcum, of voices
Gen.
ducum, of leaders
Dai.
Ybdbus, to, for voices
Dai.
ducibus, to, for leaders
Acc.
Ydcis, voices
Acc.
ducSs, leaders
Voc.
YdcSs, 0 voices
Voc.
duces, 0 leaders
Abl.
Yodbus, by, with, from voices
Abl.
ducibus, by, with, from leaders
* Not found. In oral recitation say “ wanting.”
44
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ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
Prepositions
land, country, terra, ae, N. F. 1
master,
magister, tri, N. M. 2
servant,
minister, tri, N. M. 2
field,
ager, agri, N. M. 2
river,
flnvius, fluvii, N. M. 2
sword,
gladius, gladii, N. M. 2
rock,
saxum, saxi, N. N. 2
maiden,
virgo, inis, N. F. 3
lion,
led, onis, N. M. 3
flower, *
flos, flbris, N. M. 3
custom, j
|
mos, moris, N. M. 3
manner , j
dust,
pnlvis, eria, N. M. 3
Abl. Sing.
A Write in Latin and Engl ink. Normal position.
1. By the master of the servants.
2. By the mother of the poet.
3. By the sister of the sailor.
4. By the custom of the consul.
5. By the dust of the field.
6. With the voice of a lion.
7. With a gem of the crown.
from or by
( a, before a Noun beginning with a
J Consonant,
j ab, before a Noun beginning with a
l Vowel or h.
in, on, in with Ablative. .
into, upon, in with Accusative.
with, cum
Verbs
{
3d Pers. Sing, ©rat, WOS
3d Pen. piur. erant, were
Rule. — The Limiting Noun is pul in the Genitive.
Rule. — Normal position, Genitive second.
Emphatic position , Genitive first.
Phrases
Abl. Plur.
B Road in Latin and English. Emphatic position.
1. By the laws of the country.
2. By the laws of the island.
3. By the laws of Rome.
4. By the voices of the sailors.
5. By the torches of the maidens.
6. W’ith the boys of the country,
7. With the manners of a brother.
8. gladio nautae.
9. a patre puellae.
10. a matre pueri.
8. cum agrorum floribus.
9. ab insularum ducibus.
10. fluviorum saxis.
Note. — A blatives of person usually require the preposition h, ab, from, by, or cum, with, but they are
sometimes used without them.
45
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CLASS 6. — Nouns in 3, Genitive b-is or p-ia
Sing.
Nom.
trabs, a beam. F.
Sing.
Nom.
(also i stems)
urbs, a city. F.
Gen.
trains, of a beam
Gen.
urbis, of a city
Dat.
trabi, to, for a beam
Dai.
urbi, to, for a city
Acc.
trabem, a beam
Acc.
urbem, a city
Voc.
trabs, 0 beam
Voc.
urbs, 0 city
Abl.
trabe, by, with, from a beam
Abl.
urbe, by, with, from a city
Plur.
Nom.
trebes, beams
Plur.
Nom.
urbes, cities
Gen.
trabum, of beams
Gen.
urbium, of cities
Dat.
trabibus, to, for beams
Dai .
urbibus, to, for cities
Acc.
trabes, beams
Acc.
urbis, es, cities
Voc.
trabes, 0 beams
Voc.
urbes, 0 cities
Abl.
trabibus, by, with, from beams
Abl.
urbibus, by, with, from cities
Sing.
Nom *
princeps, the chief. M.
Sing.
Nom.
auceps, a fowler. C.
Gen.
principis, of the chief
Gen.
aucupis, of a fowler
Dat.
principi, to, for the chief
Dat.
aucupi, to, for a fowler
Acc.
prmcipem, the chief
Acc.
aucupem, a fowler
1 oc.
princeps, 0 chief
Voc.
auceps, 0 fowler
Abl.
principe, by, with, from the chief
Abl.
aucupe, by, with, from a fowler
Plur.
Nom.
principes, chiefs
Plur.
Nom.
aucupes, bird catchers
Gen.
principum, of chiefs
Gen.
aucupum, of bird catchers
Dat.
prmcipibus, to, for chiefs
Dat.
aucupibus, to, for bird catchers
Acc.
principes, chiefs
Acc.
aucupes, bird catchers
Voc.
principes, 0 chiefs
Voc.
aucupes, 0 bird catchers
Abl.
prmcipibus, by, with, from chiefs
Abl.
aucupibus, by, with , from bird catchers
46
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FORUM ROMANUM
Dat. Sing.
A Write in Latin and English. Normal position.
1. To the mother of the queen.
2. To the sister of the maiden.
Phrases
Dat. Plur.
B Read in Latin and English. Emphatic position.
1. To the swords of the men.
2. To the horses of the charioteer.
3. For the father of the farmer.
4. For the brother of the poet.
5. For the father-in-law of the slave.
3. For the farmers of the country.
4. For the mice of the city.
5. For the sons-in-law of the charioteer.
6. For the peace of the country.
7. To the law of the kingdom.
6. To the fathers of the city.
7. For the goats of the farmer.
8. ministro reginae.
9. scribae consulis.
10. mori terrae.
8. hortorum floribus.
9. coronarum gemmls.
10. urbium principibus.
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Google
CLASS 7. — Nouns in s, Genitive d-is
3
Sniff,
Nom.
pes, a foot. M.
8m g.
Nom.
lapis, a stone. M.
Gen .
pedis, of afoot
Gen.
lapidis, of a stone
Dot .
pedi, to, for a foot
Dai.
lapidi, to, for a stone
Acc.
pedem, afoot
Acc.
lapidem, a stone
Voc.
pes, 0 foot
Voc.
lapis, 0 stone
Abl.
pede, by, with, from a foot
Abl.
lapide, by, with, from a stone
Plur.
Nom.
pedes, feet
Plur.
Nom.
lapides, stones
Gen.
pedum, of feet
Gen.
lapidum, of stones
Dai.
pedibus, to, for feet
Dai.
lapidibus, to, for stones
Acc.
pedes, feet
Acc.
lapidSs, stones
Voc.
pedSs, 0 feet
Voc.
lapides, 0 stones
Abl.
pedibus, by, with, from feet
AM.
lapidibus, by, xvith, from stones
CLASS 7 ( Continued). -
—Nouns
in s, Genitive t-is
Bing..
Nom .
miles, a soldier. C.
Sing.
Nom.
virtHs, valor. F.
Gen.
militis, of a soldier
Gen.
virtdtis, of valor
Dat.
militi, to, for a soldier
Dai.
virtuti, to, for valor
Acc.
militem, a soldier
Acc.
virtutem, valor
Voc.
miles, 0 soldier
Voc.
virtus, 0 valor
Abl
milite, by, with, from a soldier
Abl.
virtute, by, xvith, from valor
Plur.
Nom.
milites, soldiers
Plur.
Nom.
virtutes, virtues.
Gen.
militum, of soldiers
Gen.
virtutum, of virtues
Dai.
militibus, to, for soldiers
Dat.
▼irtutibus, to, for virtues
Acc.
milites, soldiers
Acc.
virtutes, virtues
Voc.
milites, 0 soldiers
Voc.
virtdtes, 0 virtues
Abl.
militibus, by, with, from soldiers
Abl.
virtutibus, by, with , from virtue*
48
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Diagram for Parsing English to Latin
Sentences
Subj.
Obj.
queen
the
crown
a
has
rSgin
a
coron
am
h&b
N. F. 1
N. S.
N. F. 1
Ac. S.
Rule . — The Subject of a Verb is in the Nominative
Case.
Rule . — The Object of a Verb is in the Accusative
Case.
Rule . — The Verb agrees with its Subject in Person
and Number.
Note. — The Nouns and Verbs in this book are all
3d Person.
Verbs
3d pera. sing. habet, has
3d pers. piur. habent, have
Conjunction
{
et, and
et . . . et, both . . . and
MILES ROMANUS
Singular
A Verbs Transitive, having an Object.
1. The girl has a violet and a rose.
2. The queen has both a crown and a gem.
3. The farmer has a horse.
4. The farmer has a field.
5. The boy has a goat.
6. The master has a servant.
7. The sailor has a sister.
Sentences
To Parse
Plural
B Verbs Transitive, having an Object.
1. The girls have violets and roses.
2. The women have both gems and crowns.
3. The farmers have horses.
4. Farmers have fields.
5. Boys have goats.
6. Masters have servants.
7. The sailors have rewards.
8. Prlnceps virtu tern habet.
9. Dux virtutem multam habet.
10. Auceps vScem asperam habet.
8. Prlncipes virtu tes habent.
9. Duces virtu tes multas habent.
10. Aucupes voces asperas habent.
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3
I NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
CLASS 8. — N ouns in s (Mostly Monosyllables Increasing). Gen. Plur. i-um
Sing.
Nom.
arx (arcs), a citadel. F.
Sing.
Nom.
dSns, a tooth. M.
Gen.
arcis, of a citadel
Gen.
dentis, of a tooth
Dai .
arci, to, for a citadel
Dat.
denti, to, for a tooth
Acc.
arcem, a citadel
Acc.
dentem, tooth
Voc.
arx, 0 citadel
Voc.
dSns, 0 tooth
Abl.
arce, by, with, from a citadel
Abl.
dente, by, with, from a tooth
Plur.
Nom .
arces, citadels
Plur.
Nom.
dentSs, teeth
Gen.
arcium, of citadels
Gen.
dentium, -um, of teeth
Dat.
arcibus, to, for citadels
Dat .
dentibus, to, for teeth
Acc .
arcis, -es, citadels
Acc.
dentes, teeth
Voc.
arc5s, 0 citadels
Voc.
dentes, 0 teeth
Abl .
arcibus, by, with, from citadels
Abl.
dentibus, by, with, from teeth
CLASS 9. — Nouns in es and is (Polysyllables Not Increasing). Gen. Plur. i-um
Sing.
Nom.
hostis, an enemy (public). C.
Sing.
Nom.
nhbes, a cloud. F.
Gen.
hostis, of an enemy
Gen.
nftbis, of a cloud
Dat.
hosti, to, for an enemy
Dat.
nhbi, to, for a cloud
Acc.
hostem, an enemy
Acc.
nfibem, a cloud
Voc.
hostis, 0 enemy
Voc.
nftbes, 0 cloud
Abl.
hoste, by, with, from an enemy
Abl.
nftbe, by, with, from a cloud
Plur.
Nom.
hostes, enemies
Plur.
Nom.
nhbes, clouds
Gen.
hostium, of enemies
Gen.
nhbium, of clouds
Dat.
hostibus, to, for enemies
Dat.
nhbibus, to, for clouds
Acc.
hostis, -5s, enemies
Acc.
nhbis, -es, clouds
Voc.
hosteS, 0 enemies
Voc.
nhbes, 0 clouds
Abl.
hostibus, by, with, from enemies
Abl .
nhbibus, by, with, from clouds
50
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ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
city ,
urbs, urbis, N. F. 3
garden ,
hortus, i, N. M. 2
citadel ,
an, aicis, N. F. 3
island,
Insula, ae, N. F. 1
field ,
ager, agri, N. M. 2
cloud,
nubes, is, N. F. 3
river ,
fluvius, ii, N. M. 2
Italy,
Italia, ae, N. F. 1
bridge,
p5ns, pontis, N. M. 3
Greece,
Graecia, ae, N. F. 1
INSULA IN TIBERI
To Write
A Locative Abl.
Terminal Acc.
1. In the city.
Into the city.
2. In the citadel.
Into the citadel.
3. In the field.
Into the field.
4. On the river.
Upon the river.
5. On the bridge.
Into the temple.
6. In the garden.
Into the garden.
7. On the island.
Upon the island.
8. In nube.
In nube m.
9. In Italia.
In Italiam.
10. In Graecia.
In Graeciam.
Phrases
To Read
B Locative Abl.
Terminal Acc,
1. In the cities.
Into the cities.
2. In the citadels.
Into the citadels.
3. In the fields.
. Into the fields.
4. On the rivers.
Upon the rivers.
5. On the bridges.
Into the temples.
6. In the gardens.
Into the gardens.
7. On the islands.
Upon the islands.
8. In nubibus.
In nubls.
9. In portam.
In portas.
10. In malls.
In maids.
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CLASS 10 . — Nouns in s, Genitive v-is (v = consonant u)
Sing.
snow, F.
Jupiter , M.
an ox or cow, C .
a swine, c.
Nom .
1
1 JOpiter
1 bos
2 sis
Gen.
nivis
Jovis
bovis
sui 8
Dai.
nivi
Jovi
turn
sal
Acc.
nivem
Jovem
bovem
saem
Voc.
nix
JQpiter
b5s
sQs
Abl.
nive
Jove
bore
sue
Plur.
oxen, cattle-
Nom.
nives
bovis
sais
Gen.
nivium,
or nivnm (ran)
boom, or bovum
suum
Dai.
nivibufi
bubus, or bibas
saibus, sdbus, or subus
Acc.
nives
bovis
sais
Voc.
nives
bovis
sais
Abl.
nivibos
bfibus, or bibas
saibas, subus, or subus
grus, F., a crane
gruis
Note. — The numbers in front of the Nom. Sing, of Nouns in the Declension indicate the number of
the Nouns in the Latin Language similarly declined; as, *sus, — sus and grus.
NOUNS, IRREGULAR NOUN, PECULIAR
Sing.
First and
Third Decl's.
a daughter, F.
(i Noun)
Second Decl.
a son, M.
First and
Third Decl’s.
a goddess, F.
Second Decl.
a god, m.
Sing.
(i stem)
strength, force, F.
Nom.
filia
fOias
dea
deus
Nom.
vis
Gen.
filiae
IDii, fill
deae
del
Gen.
ViS (rare)
Dai.
filiae
fOio
deae
dei
Dat.
Vi (rare)
Acc.
fHi&m
filium
deam
deum
Acc.
vim
Voc.
filia
fifi
dea
deus
Voc.
Abl.
filia
fiU5
dea
deo
Abl.
vi
Plur.
Nom.
filiae
filii
deae
dei, dii, or dl
Plur.
Nom.
strength of body, power
viris
Gen.
filiSrum
filiorum
deirum
dedrum, or de&m
Gen.
virium
Dat.
fHiabus
filiis
deabus
dels, dils, or dls
Dat.
viribus
Acc.
fOias
filiSs
dels
deis
Acc.
viris, 88
Voc.
filiae
fim
deae
dei, dii, or di
Voc.
viris
Abl.
filiabus
filiis
deabus
deli, diis, or dis
Abl.
viribus
52
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ANALYSIS
Analysis, from two Greek words, ai'd, up, Jli 'xTig, loosening, signifies loosening up or tearing
to pieces the expressions we use.
There are four forms of language expression; viz.: The Word, the Phrase, the Clause, the
Sentence.
Sentences, for the sake of Analysis, may be arranged in two classes; viz.:
Those having a Transitive Verb,
Those having an
Sentences with Transitive Verbs
These have a Subject, an Object, and a
Verb Transitive.
Equus faenum amat. The horse likes hay .
A
1. Bos vim habet.
2. Viri vires habent.
3. EquI magnam vim in ore habent.
the mouth
4. Sus magnam vim in naso habet.
(his) snout
5. Boves magnas vires in armis habent.
shoulders
6. Orator miram vim in mente habet.
wonderful mind
7. Filia bona sorores benignas habet.
8. Filil boni patrem justuin habent.
9. Pulchra dea sacrum templum habuit.
had (sing.)
10. Dl magni multa templa splendida Romae
at Rome
habuerunt.
had (plur.)
Intransitive Verb.
Sentences with Intransitive Verbs
These have a Subject, a Verb not Transitive,
and usually a Predicate Noun or a Predicate
Adjective.
Equus est animal. The horse is an animal.
Equus est fidus. The horse is faithful .
B
1. Vis bourn est magna.
2. Vis tempestatis est immensa.
of the tempest
3. Vis oratoris est mira.
4. Animi vigore et corporis viribus (vir)
excellens (erat.)-Livy.
excelling too*
5. Nix nigra est.
Sic Anaxagoras dixit.
thus Anaxagoras spoke
6. Capitis nives sunt cani capilli.
of the head gray hairs
Sic Horatius dixit.
7. Jupiter filius Saturni erat.
of Saturn
8. Juno uxor Jovis erat.
J uno wife
9. Jupiter dominus caeli erat.
lord of heaven
10. Jupiter fllios et fllias habuit.
The Appositive
An Appositive is a Noun explaining a neigh-
boring Noun or Pronoun, either before or
after it.
C
1. Jupiter deus minis vires habuit.
wonderful
2. Urbs Roma arcem habuit.
3. Sicilia, insula, latos agros pianos habuit.
4. Filius agricolae, bonus auriga, nigros equSs
habet.
5. Filiae reginae, puellae pulchrae, inultds
servos industrios habent.
Note. — Words not heretofore used may be found in
53
Rule . — An Appositive takes the case and number of
the Noun or Pronoun which it explains.
D
1. The father has a small son, a strong boy.
2. The mother has a little daughter, a beauti-
ful girl.
3. The slaves have a splendid leader, a proud
chief.
4. The master has strong slaves, good servants.
5. The maidens have beautiful flowers, both
violets and roses.
the Word-list at the end of this book.
Digitized by VnOOQle
NEUTER NOUNS OF THE T HIRD DECLENSION
3
CLASS 1 . — Nouns in 1, Genitive 1-is CLASS 3. — Nouns in n t Genitive n-is
Sing.
(also i items )
Sing.
a song, N.
an animal, N.
honey, N. yellow ochre, N. Nom
00 carmen
Nom.
animal
- mel sil
Gen.
carminis
Gen .
animalis
mellis gili«
Dai.
carmini
•
Dat.
animali
melli sill
Acc.
carmen
Acc.
animal
mel sil
Voc.
carmen
Voc.
animal
mel sil
Abl.
carmine
Abl.
animali
melle sile
Plur.
Plnr.
Nom.
carmina
Nom .
animalia
mella
Gen.
carminum
Gen.
unimSli^im
Dat.
carminibus
Dat.
animalibus
Acc.
carmina
Acc.
animalia
mella
Voc.
carmina
Voc.
anirniiliA
Abl.
canninibus
Abl.
animilibus
n6men, n. a name
nAminic
vectigal, n. tax
fel, n. gall nil. n.
nothing
agmen, n. an army on the march
vectig&lis
1 sftl, N. sail
feliis (Plur. (for nihil,
agminis
only, Nom. Nom. Sing.)
fulmen, n. bolt lightning
salis
and Acc.)
fulminis
CLASS 4.
— Nouns in r, Genitive r-is
(also i stems )
Sing.
a spur, N.
spelt, N. spring, N.
marble, N.
ivory, N.
a humming, N.
Nom.
calcar
1 far 1 vgr
3 marmor
4 ebur
4 murmur
Gen.
calcaria
farris yens
marmoris
ebons
murmuris
Dot.
calciri
farri vSri
marmori
ebon
murmur!
Acc .
calcar
far vSr
marmor
ebur
murmur
Voc.
calcar
far ver
marmor
ebur
murmur
Abl.
calcari
farre vere, i
marmore, i
ebore
murmur©
Plnr.
Nom.
calcari;
farm
marmora
murmura
Gen.
calcSrium
marmoram
murmurum
Dat.
calcaribus
marmoribus
murmuribus
Acc.
calcaria
farra
marmora
murmura
Voc.
calcaria
marmora
murmura
Abl.
calcSribus
marmoribus
murmuribus
nectar, N. nectar
cadaver, N. a corpse
ador, N. spelt (only Nom. robur, N. oak
falptf. N. {tjkLna
nectar is (no Plur.) cadaveris
and Acc. Sing.)
roboris
fulguris
1 iter, N . a journey
aequor, N. the sea
(still femur, N. the thigh
itineris
aequoris and smooth) femoris, feminis
sulfur is
1 jecur, N. the liver guttur, N. the throat
jecinoris, jocinoris, gutturis
jecoris
54
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CLASS 4 (Continued).-
—Naum in s.
Genitive r-is and s-is
s. s-is.
bronze =
8. s-is.
Sing.
a vessel, N.
copper and tin , N.
a bone. N.
the mouth, N.
work, N.
a body, N.
the leg, N.
Nom .
2 vis
l aes
1 08
1 08 20 OPUS
14 corpus
6 crus
Gen.
vasis
aeris
ossis
5ris
opens
corporis
erfiris
Dai .
vasi
men
ossi
on
open
corpori
cruri
Acc.
vas
aes
os
5s
opus
corpus
crus
Vac.
vis
aes
08
5s
opus
corpus
crus
Abl.
vise
aere
osse
5re
opere
corpore
crOre
Plur.
2d Decl.
Nam .
visa
aera
ossa
5ra
opera
corpora
criira
Gen.
visorum aerum (rare)
ossium
....
operum
corporum
crurum
Dai.
visis
aeribus (rare)
ossibus
5ribUS (rare)
operibus
corporibus
criiribus
Acc.
visa
aera
ossa
dra
opera
corpora
criira
Vac.
visa
aera
ossa
5ra
opera
corpora
crura
Abl.
visis *
aeribUS (rare)
ossibus
5ribus (rare)
operibus
corporibus
cruribus
ffts, N. divine law
pectus, pectoris, n. the breast
jfls, juris, n. human law
(only Nom. and Acc. Sing.)
pecus, pecoris, n. a herd of cattle
rfis, runs, n. the country
tempus, temporis, n. time
(Plur. only Nom. and Acc.)
CLASS 7. — Naum in r, a, c, t. Genitive
d-is, and t-is
CLASS 9. — Noum in e
(Polysyllables not increasing)
(Greek Nouns.)
Gen . Plur. i-um
Sing.
the heart, N.
a poem, N.
milk, N.
the head, N.
Sing.
a seat, N.
the tea, N.
Nam.
cor
poema
lac
caput
Nom.
sedile
mare
Gen.
cordis
poematis
lactis
capitis
Gen.
sedOis
mans
Dat.
cordi
poemati
lacti
capiti
Dai.
sedOi
man
Acc.
cor
poema
lac
caput
Acc.
sedile
mare
Voc.
cor
poema
lac
caput
Voc.
sedile
mare
Abl.
corde
poemate
lacte, i
capite
Abl.^
sedOi
mari
Plur.
Plur.
Nam.
corda
poemata
capita
Nam.
sedOia
maria
Gen.
poematum, 5rum
capitum
Gen.
sedOium
marium
Dai.
cordibus
poematibus, is
capitibus
Dat.
sedOibus
Acc.
corda
poemata
capita
Acc.
sedOia
maria
Voc.
corda
poemata
capita
Voc.
sedOia
....
Abl.
cordibus
poematibus, is
capitibus
Abl.
sedOibus
maribus (rare)
rSte, n. a net
rStis
55
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VOCABULARY— THE HUMAN BODY
corpus, oris, N. a body
dens, tis, M. a tooth
membrum, i, N. a limb
bracchium, ii, X. the arm
cubitum, i, N. the elbow
minus, us, F. (4th Decl.), the hand
digitus, i, M. a finger
dextra, ae, F. the right hand
sinistra, ae, F. the left hand
palma, ae, F. the palm
index, ids, M. the forefinger
art&s, uum, M. (4th Decl.), the joints
crQs, cruris, N. a leg
genu, Us, N. (4th Decl.), the knee
pSs, pedis, M. the foot
calx, calcis, F. the heel
collum, i, N. the neck
jugulum, i, N. the collar-bone
pectus, oris, N. the breast
vox, vdcis, F. the voice
spiritus, Is, M. (4th Decl.), the breath
tergum, i, N. the back
spina, ae, F. the backbone
costa, ae, F. o rib
Note. — The Romans went with their heads bare, merely raising up a fold of the toga w-hen the sun
was too hot or the wind very high. At sacred rites or when in peril of life they also covered their heads
in this way.
Anciently they were bearded, like other rude nations; but later barbers were imported from Sicily, and
the custom of shaving grew common. Most statues of men in our galleries, dating round the Christian
era, are beardless. Fashion was w r ont to follow the Emperor, the citizens wearing beards when he set the
example. Boys wore their tresses long and flowing, or drawn back out of the way; but every youth on
the day he came of age shaved his beard and cut his hair; the day being observed as a festival, when
friends brought gifts and congratulations. Slaves while in bondage never shaved or cut the hair; on being
set free, they did both immediately. In case of a vow, such as St. Paul made, or when mourning, the
Romans went unshaven and unshorn. To use a mirror, when shaving, was thought a great effeminacy;
but citizens of wealth had their own tdnsor in their f amilia ; others resorted to the tfnstrfna, a grand place
to gossip and to get the latest news.
Cicero tells us that the eye and the brow are a mirror for the feelings; and Horace says the low fore-
head is a mark of greatest beauty in a maiden.
The Romans did not shake hands upon meeting as we do. Salvftl Good day! on meeting, and Valfc!
Farewell ! on parting, were the usual salutations. To salute upon the street they raised the hand, pointing
at each other.
Note. — Nearly half the words of the English Language have come straight from the Latin Language.
A good knowledge of Latin therefore assists greatly in the spelling, definition, and derivation of present-day
English. We find many unique and interesting Etymologies. Some English words come directly from
the old Latin Nominative case, but usually they are built upon the Genitive stem.
56
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ENGLISH— ETYMOLOGY
corps, an organized body of men
corpulent, over-fleshy in body
corpuscle, an atom of the body
{ to authorize by law a body of
men to act as a single person
{ a body of men incorporated to
.
act as a unit
corselet, a light armor-plate for the body
member, an individual of a society
bracelet, an ornament for the arm
a measure, from the point of the elbow
to the end of the middle finger
manage, to handle
manual, a handy volume
manner <ong.), a method of hand \ ing
manure (on*.), to till with the hand
dexterous, ready with the right hand
ambidextrous, using both hands as right hands
sinister, coming on the left, unlucky
palm, a tree with palm - shaped leaves
index, a pointer
genuflexions, knee-bendings
pedal, a foot lever
pedestal, the foot of a statue
pedestrian, a /oof-traveler
pedometer, a foot - step measurer
pedigree, a family-tree resembling a crane 9 s foot
collar, a neck band
jugular, a large vein under the collar-bone
pectoral, medicine for the chest
vocal, belonging to the voice
vocative, the Case of Address
vocabulary, a list of words
sprite, a ghost invisible as the breath
. f the backbone , from its thorn - like pro-
spine j
[ cesses
spineless, 1 . without backbone. 2. lacking
courage
spinal, pertaining to the backbone
intercostal, lying * between the ribs
dent, a tooth- mark, a notch at the edge
dental, pertaining to the teeth
dentate, notched, as bitten out by the teeth
dentiform, foofA-shaped
dentifrice, a /oo/A-powder, -paste, -wash
dentine, the bone tissue of the teeth
dentist, a surgeon for the teeth
dentistry, tooth surgery
dentiphone, an instrument to hear thro* the teeth
dentition, cutting the teeth, teething
indent, to notch the edge, as bitten into by the
teeth
(ong.), two papers cut apart with a
notched, zigzag line; a contract
indenture •
trident, a fAm?-pronged spear
animals without teeth in front, as the
edentata
sloth and ant-eater
57
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VOCABULARY— HEAD AND ORGANS
caput, itis, N. the head
capillus, l, M. the hair
barba, ae, F. the heard
frons, tis, F. the forehead
facies, ei, F. (oth Deck), the face
5s, oris, N. the mouth
os, ossis, N. a bone
dins, tis, M. a tooth
lingua, ae, F. the tongue
labrum, i, N. 1 ..
labium, ii, N. J ^
auris, is, F. an ear
oculus, i, M. an eye
n&sus, i, M. the nose
palatum, i, N. the palote
nervus, i, M. a sinew , a muscle
cutis, is, F. the skin
lacrima, ae, F. a tear
saliva, ae, F. saliva
vena, ae, F. a vein
sanguis, inis, M. blood
cor, cordis, N. the heart
pulmo, onis, M. a lung
jecur, jecoris, etc. N. the liver
cerebrum, i, N. the brain
sfidor, dris, M. sweat , perspiration
ENGLISH— ETYMOLOGY
cap, a cover for the head
( (orig ) writing-paper having a fool’s
fool s-cap s „
( cap and bells as a water-mark
cape, a headland
captain, the head man of a company
capital, the city at the head of the state
capitol, a building at the head of others
... . f blood-vessels resembling hairs con-
capillaries \ m
[ necting arteries and veins
barber, one who shaves the beard; a hair-dresser
. „ f a name from the beardAike air-
Barbadoes \
( plants growing on the trees
front, the face of anything
frontier, the border fronting or facing the wild
frontis-piece, the picture .fronting the title-page
. . ( the front view, the elevation of a
'* S * d ‘| building
oral, spoken by the mouth
ossification, change into bony substance
osprey, a fish-hawk
linguist, one skilled in languages
capillaries «
Barbadoes <
Nasturtium <
lingo, country-talk, dialect
language, human speech, tongue
labial, pronounced by the lips
auricle I externa ^ ear >
\ a chamber of the heart
oculist, an eye-doctor
nasal, sounded through the nose
(a pungent flower that twists the
Nasturtium \
{ nose
palatable, pleasing to the palate
nerve, a telegraph wire to the brain
{ 1, full of nerve
2, having weak nerves
cuticle, the very thin outer skin of man
sanguinary, bloody , bloodthirsty
sanguine, full of red blood , full of hope
cordial, hearty , warm-hearted
pulmonary, pertaining to the lungs
. ( an instrument for reviving action
pulmotor^ .
I m the lungs
cerebration, action of the brain
sudorific, medicine causing sweat
pulmotor ^
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SENTENCES— HEAD AND ORGANS
A
1. Caput Jovi sacrum erat.
2. Capillus capitis est pulcher.
3. Virgines tondebant barbam et capillum
were trimming
patris.-Cic.
4. Prima barba sacra aut ApollinI, aut Jovi,
to Apollo
aut Verier! erat.
to Venue
5. Simulacra dedrum barbas aureas habu-
imagee golden
erunt.-Cic.
6. Panem frontis sudore edito.
(thy) bread thou ekalt eat
7. Consul frontem contrahit.
Unite
8. Siccat frontem sudario candido.-Quin.
he dries with a kerchief
9. Virgo pulchra parvam frontem habet.
10. Capri frons erat turgida comibus.
swollen with horns
11. Dentes sunt ossa omnium durissima in
of all hardest
ore animalium.-Cic.
12. Longam faciem equus habet.
13. Flumen, per ora novem, mare petit.
thro ' nine seeks
14. Animalia nec ossa solum, sed etiam san-
not only but also
guinem habent.
15. Dens Indus erat Rdmanum nomen eboris,
etiam dens Libycus.
also
16. Oculum pro oculo, dentem pro dente,
for
manum pro manu, pedem pro pede-Ex.
17. Jecur in dextra parte est.-Or.
side
18. Aesculapius primus dentis evulsionem
the extraction
invenit -Plant.
invented
19. Cerebrum, cor, pulmones, jecur : haec enim
these
sunt domicilia vita e.-Cic.
[i dwelling-places
59
B
1. Romani falsos dentes eboris fecerunt.
made
2. Dentes auro refecerunt.
they repaired
3. In ore sita lingua est.-Cic.
situated
4. Puer linguam tenet, sed lacrimas non tenet.
holds but
5. Id (est) prdmontdrium, cujus lingua in
that of which
altum projicit.-Pac.
projects
6. Romani per oculos juraverunt.
by swore (— took oath)
7. Athenae et Sparta duo ocull Graeciae
erant.
were
8. Sol est mund! oculus.-fO®-
9. CSnsul ante ocul5s est multitfldinis.
of the multitude
10. Anguis cutem relinquit.
leaves
11. Vectlgalia sunt nervi relpdblicae.
12. Pythagoras, sculptor in Magna GraeciS,
primus et nervos et venas et capillos in
marmore expressit.
portrayed
13. Nervi belli petunia sunt.-Cic.
money
14. Absterget Deus omnem lacrimam ab
wipes away every
oculis.-Fw/<7.
15. Medicus venam tangit-Pers.
the doctor touches (= feels)
16. Medicus sanguinem mittit.
lets
17. Animal sanguinem habet, etiam cor habet.
also it has
18. Totum sudor habet corpus.- Enn.
whole
19. Gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor.- Verg.
whole was trickling
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THIRD DECLENSION— ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION
Of Three Terminations
(Very few in number)
Acer, acris, acre, sharp (as an edge)
Sing.
M.
F.
N.
Nom.
acer
Acris
Acre
Gen.
acris
Acris
Acris
Dat . .
Seri
Acri
acri
Ace.
acrem
Acrem
Acre
Voc.
acer
Acris
Acre
Abl
Seri
Acri
Acri
Plur.
Xom.
acres
Acres
Acria
Gen.
acrium
Acrium
Acrium
Dat.
acribus
Acribus
Acribus
.lcc.
Acris, es
Acris, es
Acria
Voc.
Acres
Acres
Acria
Abl.
Acribus
Acribus
Acribus
TABLE OF TERMINATIONS
8. M.
F. N.
N. 5'cer
A'cr
is A'cr
e
G. Scr
is
is
is
D.
i
i
i
Ac.
em
em
e
V. Seer
is
e
Ab. acr
i
i
i
Pl.
N.
es
As
ia
G.
ium
ium
ium
D.
ibus
ibus
ibus
Ac.
is, es
is, As
ia
V.
As
As
ia
Ab.
ibus
ibus
ibus
acer, acris, Sere, sharp (by nature), keen, |
shrewd
eager
acutus, a, um, sharpened (by man), pointed
alacer, alacris, alacre, lively , quick
celeber, bris, bre, 1 . much frequented; 2. famous
saluber, bris, bre, healthful
Silvester, tris, tre, woody
volucer, cris, ere, winged
celer, eris, ere, swift , fleet , (no Gen. Piur.)
A
1. Oculus aurlgae est acer.
2. Auris animal is est acris.
3. Equus ducis est celer.
4. Urbs Roma est Celebris.
5. Nauta Athenarum erat alacer.
6. Auriga oculum acrem habet.
7. Animal aurem acrem habet.
8. Puer acrem vocem habet.
9. Mus acrem dentem habet.
10. Sus dentem acrem habet.
B
1. Ocull aurigarum sunt Seres.
2. Aures animalium sunt acres.
3. EquI ducum sunt alacres.
4. Nubes noctis sunt volucres.
5. Templa Jovis erant celebria.
6. Aurlgae oculos acres habent.
7. Animalia aures acres habent.
8. Puerl acres vSces habent.
9. Mures acres dentes habent.
10. Sues dentes acres habent.
from Acer, ftceris, Acere.
Note. — Acer, Acris, Acre was shortened by usage
60
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
3
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
Of Two Terminations
(Very numerous)
tristis, triste, sad tristior, tristius, sadder 1 pits, more
Sing.
M. and F.
N.
M. and F.
N.
M. and F.
N.
Nom.
triitia
triste
tristior
tristius
....
pits
Gen.
tristis
tristis
tristidris
tristidris
• . • •
plflris
Dai.
trisri
tristi
tristidri
tristidri
....
....
Acc.
tristem
triste
tristidrem
tristius
• • • •
pits
Voc.
tristis
triste
tristior
tristius
....
....
Abl.
trisri
tristi
tristidre
tristidre
—
pldre (rare)
Plur.
Norn.
tristes
tristia
tristiSris
tristidra
plflris
plura
Gen.
tristium
tristium
tristiSrum
tristidrum
plfirium
plurium
Dot.
triatibus
tristibus
tristiSribus
tnstidribus
pltiribus
plQribus
Acc.
tristis, is
tristia
tristiores
tristidra
pldres,is
pldra
Voc.
tristis
tristia
tristiSrSs
tristidra
• . . .
. . , .
Abl.
tristibus
tristibus
tristiSribus
tristidribus
plaribus
plaribus
tristis, triste, sad, saddening
brevis, breve, short
fortis, forte, 1 . strong , 2. brave
fr&vis, grave, heavy
grandis, grande, large
mollis, molle, supple, soft , gentle
am&bilis, amibile, lovely
facilis, facile, easy
humilis, humile, low , lowly, humble
pinguis, pingue, fat
tristior, tristius, sadder
brevior, brevius, shorter
fortior, fortius, 1 . stronger , 2. braver
gravior, gravius, heavier
grandior, grandius, larger
mollior, mollius, softer
amabilior, amibilius, lovelier
fadlior, facilius, easier
humilior, humilius, humbler
pinguior, pinguius, fatter
A
1. Frater est tristis.
2. Equus est fortis.
3. Lapis est gravis.
4. Nomen est amabile.
5. Rosa est amabilis.
6. Sus est pinguis.
7. Regina est amabilis.
8. Carmen est breve.
9. Servus est humilis.
10. Vox poetae est mollis.
B
1. Sordres sunt tristiores.
2. Boves sunt fortiores.
3. Saxa sunt graviora.
4. Carolina sunt amabilidra.
5. Violae sunt amabiliores.
6. Boves sunt pinguidres.
7. Virgines sunt amabiliores.
8. Poemata sunt breviora.
9. Bos est humilior.
10. Voces virginum sunt mol bores.
61
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3
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
Of One Termination
filix, favorable
prhdins, prudent
am&ns, loving
Sing.
M. and F. N.
M. and F. # N.
M. and F. N.
Nom.
felix
prudens
am&ns
Gen .
filicis
prudentis
amantis
Dal .
felici
prhdenti
amanti
Ace.
felieem filix
prhdentem prudins
amantem am&ns
Voc .
felix
prudens
am&ns
Abl
filici
priidenti
amante, -i *
Plur.
Nom .
felices felicia
prudentes prudentia
amantis amantia
Gen.
felicium
prudentium
amantium
Dot.
felicibus
prhdentibus
amantibus
Acc.
felicis,es felicia
priidentis, is prhdentia
amantis, is amantia
Voc.
felices felicia
prudentis prudentia
amantes amantia
Abl.
felicibus
prhdentibus
amantibus
* Mostly i as an adjective, e as a participle.
filix, icis, favorable, lucky , happy
feraz, acis, fertile, fruitful
ferox, ocis, fierce
audax, acis, bold, during
atrox, ocis, horrible
duplex, icis, double
simplex, icis, simple , artless
sagax, icis, shrewd , sagacious
tenax, icis, tough , tenacious
velox, ocis, swift, speedy
priidins, tis, prudent
patins, tis, open
potins, tis, powerful
praesens, tis, present
amins, tis, loving
diligens, tis, careful, diligent
ileg&ns, tis, choice, tasteful, tasty
recens, tis, fresh, recent
sapiens, tis, wise
silens, tis, still, silent
A
1. Of a fertile field.
2. Of a prudent consul.
3. Of a powerful city.
4. Of a present genius.
5. Of a favorable winter.
6. Of diligent daughters.
7. Of powerful enemies.
8. Of fruitful islands.
9. Of fierce animals.
10. Of sagacious sons.
Phrases
To write in Latin and to parse
B
1. To a loving daughter.
2. To a daring enemy.
3. To a simple sailor.
4. For a careful farmer.
5. For a prudent master.
6. For powerful leaders.
7. For the quiet mice.
8. For lions bold.
9. For sagacious men.
10. For horses swift.
62
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PARSING BY DIAGRAM AND ORALLY
N. M. 1
Subj.
N. P.
N. M. 2
Obj.
Ac. P.
Qual.
* Adj. 3, 3
Adj.
Ac. P. M.
Vb.
Subj.
3. P.
'1. Aurig
ae
glad!
5s
acr
5s
hab
ent
Charioteer
s
sword
s
sharp
have
they\
s.
V.
S.
N. F. 3
N. P.
Vb.
3. P.
Sor5r
es
s
unt
The sister
3
are
they]
*
Pred.
Adj. 3, 2
Adj.
Comp.f
IN. P. F.
tristior
es
sad\
(d)er
more
rather
N. F. ]
N. S.
Adj. 1-2
Sup-t
N. S. F.
4. In
favorable
a winter
3. F5min
a
prudent
issim
a
In
felic
i
hiem
A woman
prudent
cst
most
Prep.
♦Adj. 3, 1
Ab. S. F.
N. F. 3
very
(gov. Abl.)
ORAL EXPLANATION OF PARSING. SENTENCE NO. 1
Aurigae,
comes
from
aurig a, ae
It
is a
N. M. 1st
found ^ p
here in
Subj. of Vb. habent.
(Rule.)
Qladids,
comes
from
gladius, ii
It
is a
N. M. 2d
, found Ac. P.
here in
obj. of Vb. habent.
(Rule.)
acres, c f omc *
' from
acer,
acris, acre . u
' is an
Adj. 3, 3 , found
* 7 here m
Ac. P. M. to agree with Noun gladiOS.
(Rule.)
• Adj. 3, 3 = Adjective of 3d Decl., of 3 terminations.
Adj. 3, 2 = Adjective of 3d Decl., of 2 terminations.
Adj. 3, 1 = Adjective of 3d Decl., of 1 termination,
t The Verb, in a Latin sentence, really had two Subjects, one usually expressed, the other embodied
in the ending of the Verb itself. The student should cancel the latter in his English translation.
t Comp. = Comparative Degree.
Sup. — Superlative Degree.
63
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FOURTH DECLENSION
The u Nouns (u Stems )
Endings C The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the Fourth ends in us.
and < . T . 0 . . , . ( us, Masculine and Feminine.
) The Nominative Singular ends in {
Gender. ( ( S, Neuter.
8ing. a step, M. a bow, M. a harbor, M.
a horn, N.
Nom.
gradus
4 arcus
4 portus !
'corns
Gen.
grades
arcSs
portUs
coraSs
Dat.
gradui
arcui
portui
comS
Acc.
gradum
arcum
portum
corns
Voc.
gradus
arcus
portus
comS
Abl.
gradu
arcu
portu
comS
Plur.
Nom.
gradus
arcus
portus
cornua
Gen.
graduum
arcuum
portuum
corauum
Dat.
gradibus
arcubps
portubus, ibus
cornibus
Acc.
gradus
areds
portSs
cornua
Voc.
gradSs
areds
portus
cornua
Abl.
gradibus
arcubus
portubus, ibus
cornibus
manus, us, r. the hand
porticus, Us, f. a porch
fructus, Us, m. fruit
acus, Us, f. a needle
tribus. Us, f. a tribe
partus, Us, m. birth
artUs, uum, m. joints
lacus, Us, m. a lake
specus, Us, m. a cave
genU, Us, n. the knee
genubus, genibus, (in
Dat. and Abl. Plur.)
vert, us, n. a spit
▼embus, veribus, (in
Dat. and Abl. Plur.)
NOUN OF THE FOURTH AND SECOND
Sinf.
Nom. domus, a house , home, F.
Gen. domus, domi (rare)
Dot. domui, dome
Locative cave: doml«ot home, in the house *
Acc. domum, home, homewards , to the house
Voc. domus
Abl. dom5, domS, from home , out of the house
Tables of Terminations
grad
Plur.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Voc.
Abl,
domSs
domuum, domSrum date)
domibus
domos | domus, the houses
homeward
domus
domibus
* An old case, signifying place , not used in the time of Cicero.
64
US,
a step com
a.
a horn
Ss,
of a
as,
of a
ui,
to, for
a,
to, for
um,
a step
a,
a horn
us,
0
a,
0
u,
by, with , from
a,
by, with, from
Ss,
steps
|ua,
horns
uum,
of
uum, of
ibus,
to, for
ibus, to, for
Ss,
steps
ua,
horns
Ss,
0
ua,
0
ibus,
by, with , from
ibus
, by, with, from
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VOCABULARY — SENSES AND MOTIONS
. . „ . _ f perception through the senses
sensus, fte, M. a sense
visus, t is, M. seeing , the tenet of tight
auditus, US, M. hearing , theeeneeof hearing
odoratus, Is, M. smelling , the sente of smeu, odor
gUSt&tUS, Us, M. tasting , theeenee of taste, flavor
tactus, Us, M. touching , t*e #*»*« 0/ touch
_ . f 3d Peru. Sing, erat, WOS
Verbs <
l 3d Pers. Plur. OraXlt, Were
mdtus, us, M. a motion
gressus, fLs, M. a going, (e-, in-, con-.)
gradus, Us, M. a step
passus, US, M. a pace (- five Roman feet)
cursus, us, M. a running , a course
saltus, Us, M. a leaping , a leap
currus, fLs, M. a chariot
C&SUS, ilS, M. a falling , on r*en/
lapsus, Us, M. a sliding , o •/»>
flexus, us, M. a bending , o winding
_ ( a Zf’fttf of writin
versus, Us, M. <
( a WWC of poet
r writing
' poetry
(a turning of the plow at the end of the furrow)
A
1. Motus corporis gratl sunt pueris.
2. Gradus puellarum breves erant.
3. Leo asper tactu est -Hor.
4. Mel gustatui lednis gratum est.
5. Florum odoratus rdglnae gratus est.
6. Lapsus linguae est facilis.
7. Cfisus nivis sildns et celer erat.
8. Porticus Athenarum jucundae erant.
9. Tactus solis et lunae est gratus. f -Cic.
10. DomQs Rornae grandes erant.
(at Rome. Locative Case.)
11. Omne animal sensus habet.-Cic.
12. Tactus corporis est sSnsus.-Lucr.
C
1. Seeing is easy for animals.
2. Hearing is easy for horses.
3. Smelling is easy for lions.
4. The taste of the fruit was wretched.
5. The sense of touch is keen.
f Adapted.
65
B
1. GradGs mllitum erant longl.
2. Arcus hostium erant valid!.
3. Acus feminae erant acutae.
4. Portus Graeciae erant bonl.
5. Artus corporis sunt potentds.
6. Lacus Italiae sunt alti.
7. Specus insulae erant atri.
8. Manus virginis erant tenerae.
9. Cursus currus erat pulcher.
10. Faenum habet in cornu, longe fuge.-f/or.
far flee
11. Habeo opus magnum in manibus.-Cic.
I have
12. Versus poStae erant atroces.
D
1. The house of the consul was elegant.
2. The motion of the clouds is swift.
3. The verses of the poet were beautiful.
4. The horns of the ox are hard.
5. The knees of horses are strong.
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5 FIFTH DECLENSION
The e Nouns (e stems)
FnfK / Genitiw Singular of Nouns of the Fifth ends in ei, or §L
\ The Nominative Singular ends in Ss or iSs.
Gender. They are all Feminine but one.
(Compound of dies) Tables of Terminations
8ing.
Norn.
a thing, p.
4 res
a day, M. or P.
dies
mid-day, M.
meridies
8.
A\ r
es di
es
Gen.
rei
die!
meridiei
G.
ei
ei
Dat.
rei
die!
meridiei
D.
ei
ei
Acc.
rem
diem
meridiem
Ac.
em
em
Voc.
res
dies
meridies
V.
es
es
Abl.
rS
die
meridie
Ab.
e
e
Plur.
Nom.
rSs
dies, days,
m. only
PL
A’.
es
es
Gen .
rSnun
dierum
G.
erum
erum
Dai.
rebus
diebus
D.
ebus
ebus
Acc.
res
dies
Ac.
es
es
Voc.
res
dies
V.
es
es
Abl.
rebus
diebus
Ab.
ebus
ebus
spes, el,
p. hope. All Nouns of the Fifth
tides, d, p. faith . end in ies, like dies,
piebes, el, r. The except res, spes, tides, piebes
Commons.
Note 1 . — The Stem Letter e in the Gen. and Dat. Sing. is j *? n ^ a ^ r 8 V01lle ^ 88 | n di 7®' .
( short after a consonant, as in r -el.
Note 2. — Nouns of the 5th Declension, excepting res and dies, are wanting in most of the plural cases.
Only eight or nine have some plural cases. Many are wanting in some of their singular cases also.
NOUN FIRST OR FIFTH NOUN FIRST AND FIFTH
Sing.
material ,
p.
The Commonwealth, p.
Nom.
mSteria
mlteries
Respdblica
Gen.
materiae
materiei
Reipdblicae
Dat.
materiae
materiil
ReipUblicae
Acc.
mlteriam
mSteriem
Rempdblicam
Voc.
m&teria
materies
Respftblica
Abl.
materia
materie
Republics
Plur.
Nom.
materiae
Respdblicae
Gen.
materiarum
Rerumpublicarum
Dai.
materiis
Rebuspublicis ... a .
Acc.
materias
Respublicas [ pMie
Voc.
materiae
Rgspublicae
Abl.
materiis
Rebuspublicis
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NOUNS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION
(Only about 100 in number)
Tis, rei, F. a thing , affair, property
spds, ei, F. hope
Mas, ei, F. faith, belief
pldbds, ei, F. the Common People
acids, di, F. battle-line
fadds, di, F. the face
glades, di, F. ice
spedds, di, F. appearance
sends, di, F. a row , a «n«
rabids, di, F. rage , madness
A
1. Res bona. Res bonae.
2. Res magna. Res magnae.
3. Res pulchra. Res novae.
4. Res prosperae. Res adversae.
5. Spes feminae erant bonae.
6. Spes Relpublicae pax erat.
7. Fides plebel simplex et pulchra erat.
8. Rabies leonis longa et atrox erat.
t
9. Rabies plebei ferox et brevis erat.
10. Longam faciem habet ovis similem.
C
1. It is a good thing. It is a bad thing.
2. The boy has a good face.
3. The faith of the father was beautiful.
4. The hopes of the mother were great.
5. The appearance of the clouds is favorable.
dids, di, M. or F. day
meridids, di, M. noon
macids, di, F. leanness
mate rids, di, F. stuff , stone and timber
luxuries, di, F. extravagance
pernicids, di, F. destruction
pl&nitids, di, F. a plain
prdgenids, ei, F. lineage
effigids, di, F. a likeness
superfidds, di, F. the surface
B
1. Facies feminae erat pulchra.
2. Sol glaciem dissolvit.
melt*
3. Jucundl sunt dies et noctes.
4. Materies tempi! erat antiqua.
5. Luxuries reginae erat injusta.
6. Pemicies Athenarum tristis erat.
7. Planities urbis erat plana.
8. Poetae effigies est bona.
9. Macies bovis erat tristis.
10. Teneras glacies secat aspera violas.
cut*
D
1. The day is short, the night is long.
2. The appearance of the city was beautiful.
3. The days and nights were still.
4. The surface of the sea was still.
5. The surface of the land is rough.
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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
An Adjective is a word used to qualify or describe a Noun; as vir validus, a strong man.
Most Adjectives have three forms, called the Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Degrees.
The Double s Superlatives
PMttive Comparative Superlative
altus, high altior, higher altissimus, highest
more high most high
nther } kigk Wry hi <> h
doctus, learned doctior, doctissimus,
more learned most learned
^rather } ^ earne ^ wry learned
The Comparative is formed by adding ior and the Superlative by adding issimus to the Positive, after
taking away the termination of the Genitive Singular; as,
Nominative
altus,
levis,
fSlix,
prhdgns,
(Genitive)
(alt-i,)
(lev-ia,)
(fSUc-is,)
(prfident-is,)
Comparative
alt-ior,
lev-ior,
fSlic-ior,
prfident-ior,
Superlative
alt-issimus, high , etc .
lev-issimus, light
felic-issimus, fortunate
prhdent-issimus, prudent
Poeitive
pulcher,
liber,
Seer,
celer,
vetus,
The Double r Superlatives
Adjectives in er form the Superlative in rimus
Comparative
pulchr-ior,
liber-ior,
Icr-ior,
celer-ior,
veterior, (rarely)
vetustior, (mostly)
Superlative
pulcher-rimus,
liber-rimus,
Icer-rimus,
celer-rimus,
veter-rimus,
beautiful t etc .
free
sharp
swift
old
Positive
facilis,
diffldlis,
similis,
dissimilis,
gracilis,
humilis,
The Double 1 Superlatives
Six Adjectives in ills form the Superlative in limus
Comparative
facil-ior,
difflcil-ior,
simil-ior,
dissimil-ior,
gracil-ior,
humil-ior,
Superlative
facil-limus,
difflcil-limus,
simil -limus,
dissimil-limus,
gradl-limus,
humil-limus,
easily etc.
difficult
like
unlike
thin
lowy lowly
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IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
bonus, good
melior, better
optimus, best
malus, bad
pSjor, worse
pessimus, worst
magnus, great
major, greater
maximus, greatest
( small
, ( smaller
. , f smallest
parras ’{ mu
multus, much
plus (neut.), more
plunmus, most
nSquam (indeci.). worthless , naughty nSquior
ndquissimus
opposite o 1
frUfi (indeci.), thrifty, frugal
friigSlior
friig&lissimus
senex, old
senior
maximus nStb
juvenis, young
junior
minimus nStb
Many adjectives, otherwise not comparable, especially those having a vowel before the terminal us,
are thus compared:
mndus, hurtful magis noodns, more hurtful
maximS noxius, especially hurtful
But if this letter before the terminal us be the consonant u, they can be compared regularly; as,
antiquus, ancient antiquior
antiquissimus
A Adj. Pot.
Exercises
B Adj. Comp.
C Adj. Sup.
1. Mons altus.
1. M5ns altior.
1. Mons altissimus.
2. Femina prudens.
2. Femina prudentior.
2. Femina prudentissima.
3. Animal pulchrum.
3. Animal pulchrius.
3. Animal pulcherrimum.
4. Eqtras celer.
4. Equa celerior.
4. Pullus equinus celerrimus.
5. Carmen vetus.
5. Carmen vetustius.
5. Carmen veterrimum.
6. Motus facilis.
6. MStus facilior.
6. Motus facillimus.
7. Res difficilis.
7. Res difficilior.
7. Res difhcillima.
8. Minister humilis.
8. Mulier humilior.
8. Servus humillimus.
D
E
F
1. Agricola bonus.
1. Agricola melior.
1 . Agricola optimus.
2. Magister malus.
2. Magister pejor.
2. Magister pessimus.
3. Hortus magnus.
3. Hortus major.
3. Hortus maximus.
4. Ager parvus.
4. Ager minor.
4. Ager minimus.
5. Regina bona.
5. Regina melior.
5. Regina optima.
6. Lex mala.
6. Lex pejor.
6. Lex pessima.
7. Urbs magna.
7. Urbs major.
7. Urbs maxima.
8. Nubes parva.
8. Nubes minor.
8. Nubes minima.
G
H
I
1. A good reward.
1. A better reward.
1. The best reward.
2. A bad poem.
2. A worse poem.
2. The worst poem.
3. A great work.
3. A greater work.
3. The greatest work.
4. A little head.
4. A smaller head.
4. The smallest head.
Note 1 . — Magis signifies more (in quality or degree); plfls, more (in quantity or measure).
Note 2. — Positives are declined in various ways. Comparatives are declined like tristior. Superlatives
are declined like bonus.
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COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
An Adverb is a word used to modify a Verb, an Adjective, or another Adverb.
Most Adverbs of Manner are derived from Adjectives.
Adverbs formed from Adjectives of 1st and 2d Declensions
Adjectives of the 1st and 2d Declensions change the final i of the Genitive Singular Mascu-
line into«e to form the Positive and Superlative Degrees of the Adverb; while the Accusative
Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective forms the Comparative of the Adverb.
Positive
Adj. latus, broad
G. S. M. lit-i
Adv. late, broadly
Comparative
latior
A. S. N. l&tius
latius, more broadly
rrffcr}'™”" 9
Superlative
latissimus
G. S. M. latissim-i
latissime, most broadly .
very broadly
Adverbs formed from Adjectives of 3d Declension
Adjectives of the 3d Declension change the is final of the Genitive Singular Masculine into
iter to form the Positive Degree of the Adverb.
Positive
Adj . fortis, brave
G. S. M. fort-is
Adv. fortiter, bravely
Comparative
fortior
A. S. N. fortius
fortius
Superlative
fortissimus
G. S. M. fortissim-i
fortissimo
Exceptions
Adj. Norn.
(cs) audax, bold,
Geo.
(audSc-is)
Pos.
audacter, boldly
Comp.
audacius
(ns) dfligens, diligent,
(diligent-is)
diligenter, diligently
dfiigentius
t \ 11 (skilful]
(rs) sollers, \ L
(clever )
(sollert-is)
( skilfully
sollerter \ ‘
l shrewdly
70
sollertius
Sup.
audacissime
dOigentissimS
sollertissimS
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IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Adj’s.
Pos.
Comp.
Sup.
bonus, good
bene, well
melius, better
optime, best
malus, bad
male, ill
pSjus, worse
pessimS, worst
magnus, great
magnopere, greatly
magis, more (in degree)
maxime, especially
multus, much
multum, much
plQS, more (in quantity)
pldrimum, most
parvus, little
f too little
parum \
l not enough
minus, less
minime, least
saepe, often
saepius
saepissimS
prope, near
propius
proximo
did, long
didtius
diutissime
ADVERBS WITHOUT COMPARISON*
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of
hie, here
hue, hither
hinc, hence nunc, now
Manner
ibi, ^
e5, }
inde, '
dum, while
SIC, so, thus
illic, > there
illdc, > thither
illinc,
l thence mox > P r ^enUy
verS, truly
istlc, J
istuc, J
istinc, ,
) jam, already
male, badly
ubi, where
quo, whither
. i unquam, ever
unde, whence
bene, well
numquam, never
alibi, elsewhere
semper, always
undique, everywhere
C temporal, when
cum < causal, since
usquam, anywhere
concessive, although
nusquam, nowhere
tunc (turn), then
Adverbs of Degree and Cause
cur, why . Cur? Why?
quod, quia, because
ita, sic, so
( with Indie, OS
UtJ
( with Subj. that
Adverbs of Negation
n5n, not. N5n! No!
minime, least of all. Minime! Not at all!
ne, lest
quin, but that. Quin? Why not ?
etiam, even, also Rule of Position. — Adverbs normally precede the words they modify.
* Many words are used both as Adverbs and as Conjunctions.
71
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THE NUMBERS
The Numbers are called Numeral Adjectives.
Arabic
Cardinals
Ordinals
Roman
1 .
Onus, a, urn, one
primus, a, um, first
I
2.
duo, ae, o, two
secundus, a, um, second
II
3.
trite, tria, three
tertius, a, um, third
III
4.
quattuor, four
quartus, a, um, fourth
IIII or IV
5.
quinque, five
quintus, a, um, fifth
V
6.
S6X, six
sextus, a, um, sixth
VI
7.
septem, seven
septimus
VII
8.
oct5, eight
oct&vus
VIII
9.
novem, nine
n5nus
VIIII or IX
10.
decern, ten
dedmus
X
11.
undecim
dndecimus
XI
12.
duodedm
duodecimus
XII
13.
trededm, (decern et tris)
tertius dedmus
XIII
14.
quattuordecim
quartus decimus
XIIII or XIV
15.
quindecim
quintus dedmus
XV
16.
sidecim or sexdecim
sextus dedmus
XVI
17.
septendedm
septimus dedmus
XVII
18.
duodiviginti
duodevicesimus
XVIII
19.
tindSviginti
undSvicesimus
XVIIII or XIX
20.
yifinti
vicesimus
XX
21.
viginti Onus or
Onus et vicSsimus or
XXI
dnus et viginti
vicesimus primus
22.
viginti duo or
alter et vicesimus or
XXII
duo et viginti
vicSsimus secundus
28.
duodetriginta
duoditricSsimus
XXVIII
29.
Undetriginti
QndStricesimu s
XXVIIII or XXIX
30.
triginti
tricesimus
XXX
40.
quadragintS
quadragesimus
XXXX or XL
50.
quinqu&ginti
quinquagesimus
L
60.
sexiginti
aexigesimus
LX
70.
septuiginta
septuigesimus
LXX
80.
octdginti
octogesimus
LXXX
90.
ndnSginti
ndn&gesimus
LXXXX or XC
98.
duodScentum
duodecentesimus
LXXXXVIII or XCVIII
99.
QndScentum
Qndecentesimus
LXXXX VII II or XCIX
100.
centum
centSsimus
c .
500.
quingenti
quingentesimus
D
1000.
mill a
millesimus
M
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EXERCISES
Cardinals Cardinals Ordinals Ordinals
Latin English Latin English
(a) unus vir (a) one woman (a) vir primus (a) the first woman
(b) duo pueri (6) two girls (6) puer secundus (6) the second girl
(c) tres liber! (c) three roses (c) nauta tertius (c) the third gate
( d ) quattuor scribae (d) four violets (d) auriga quartus (d) the fourth farmer
( e ) quinque horti (e) five horses ( e ) Insula quinta (e) the fifth gem
(/) sex nuntii (/) six rivers (/) hortus sextus (/) the sixth apple-tree
( 0 ) septem magistri ( g ) seven servants (g ) caper septimus (g) the seventh field
(A) octo regna (A) eight rocks (A) templum octavum (A) the eighth reward
(1) novem virgines ( i ) nine lions ( 1 ) flos ndnus (£) the ninth mouse
(j) decern leges O’) ten voices (J) fax decima (j) the tenth leader
(A) undecim trabes (A*) eleven cities (A) princepsundecimus (A) the eleventh fowler
(Z) duodecim lapides (/) twelve feet (/) nubes duodecima (Z) the twelfth tooth
(m) tredecim sues (m) thirteen oxen (m) sus tertius decimus (in) the thirteenth ox
(n) quattuordecim (n) fourteen animals (n) fulmen quartum (n) the fourteenth name
carmina decimum
(o) quindecim corpora (o) fifteen heads (o) filius qulntus (o) the fifteenth daughter
decimus
( p ) sexaginta senes (p) sixty-one seats (p) lacus sexagesimus ( p ) the sixty-second house
(q) septuaginta passus ( q ) seventy-three (q) versus septua- (q) the seventy-fourth day
chariots gesimus
(r) octdginta facies (r) eighty-five rows (r) insula octogesima (r) the eighty-sixth sailor
(*) non agin ta sex equi ( s ) ninety-seven slaves (s) templum duode- (s) the 99th servant
centesimum
(t) centum principes (t) one hundred rocks (Z) lapis centesimus (t) the 100th maiden
Note. — Little children begin Arithmetic by counting their ten fingers. The first men probably did
the same. From the ten fingers have come down to us our Decimal System of Numbers, and also our
ecimal money, cents, dimes, dollars, eagles.
When the Roman schoolboy raised his little hand to count he saw not only five ones but one V. On
his two hands were two V’s. Crossing his two index-fingers, two V’s point to point made X. Holding up
his right hand half open he made the letter C, Centum, 100. Repeating the operation four times with thumb
opposite each finger severally he made four C’s, but the effort to compel his thumb to make a fifth C gave
him a D, 500, a Dextra. His two hands, Mantis, held up together, D to D, made him an M, Mflle, 1000.
In measuring his land, in counting his money, the old Roman began his numbers in this simple way.
Later the straight marks on the paper, formerly fingers, became digits. With such clumsy notation the
Romans therefore made very little progress in arithmetic, even during one thousand years; yet those old
Roman numbers are seen on almost every clock in America to this day.
Rule of Position. — Cardinals normally precede their nouns ; Ordinals normally follow.
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DECLENSION OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES
The Cardinals are all Indeclinable except unus f duo, tres, and mflia
Sing.
M.
F.
N.
Plur.
M.
F.
N.
Nom .
Unus
Qua
nnnm
Nom.
duo
duae
duo
Gen .
unius
Onius
fining
Gen .
duorum
duirum
dubrum
Dai.
uni
uni
um
Dat.
dudbus
duibus
dubbus
Acc.
Annin
finam
fimim
Acc.
duo, duds
duas
duo
Voc.
One
(Vocative wanting)
AH.
uno
Qni
und
AH.
duobus
duibus
duobus
Plur.
Plur.
M. and F.
N.
N.
Nom.
uni
unae
una
Nom.
tres
tria
milia.
Gen.
ftnorum
unarum
unorum
Gen.
trium
trium
milium
Dat.
unis
unis
finis
Dat.
tribus
tribus
milibus
Acc.
unos
Unas
una
Acc.
tres, tris
tria
milia.
(Vocative wanting)
(Voc. wanting)
AH.
unis
unis
finis
AH.
tribus
tribus
milibus
Note. — Mille, Thousand, is an Indeclinable Adjective; Milia, Thousands, is a Neuter Noun.
THE ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH
1 digitus = .7281 English inches
4 digit!, finger-breadths = 1 p&lmus, hand-breadth
2 palm!
4 palm!
1? pedes (sesquipes)
2 \ pedes
2 gradus
125 passus
1000 passus
1 semipbs, half-foot
1 pbs, foot, = 11.6496 English inches
1 CUbitUm, fore-arm, (tip of elbow to end of middle finger)
1 gradus, step
1 paSSUS, paee f (double step)
1 stadium, furlong , (race-couree), = fth of a Roman mile
1 mOle passus, mile, (a thousand paces), = 4854 English feet
A
Masc.
1 . Bonus equus unus.
2. Fortis nautae unius.
3. Ignavo viro uni.
4. Latorum fluviorum quattuor.
5. Audacibus leonibus septem.
D
1. Prim! pueri industrii.
2. QuartI servi ignavl.
3. Octavo agricolae industrid.
4. Vlcesiml secundl agri.
5. Septuagesimo prim 5 capr5.
B
Fem.
1. Albae rosae duae.
2. Par varum violarum duarum.
3. Benignls feminis duabus.
4. Magnarum urbium qulnque.
5. Raris gemmls octo.
E
1. Secundae puellae prudentis.
2. Qulntae virginis pulchrae.
3. Decimae hiem! tristi.
4. Septuagesimae lucernae.
5. Octogesimae candelae.
C
Neut.
1 . Parva animalia tria.
2. Gravium corporum trium.
3. Rotundls capitibus tribus.
4. Atrorum saxorum sex.
5. Parvis poematibus novem.
F
1. Tertii templi antiqui.
2. SeptimI magni praemii.
3. Duodecimo carmini parvo.
4. Tricesimi tertii funeris.
5. Centesimum lumen.
G
1. One proud father has four strong sons.
2. Two new consuls praise five new laws.
3. Four old charioteers have eight chariots.
4. The farmer has 97 fat cattle.
5. The girls have 89 beautiful flowers.
H
1 . One noble mother has three lovely daughters.
2. Three little girls have twelve white roses.
3. Five sagacious scribes have fifteen names.
4. A man has 76 wretched swine.
5. The good strong horse has 40 teeth.
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CIRCUS MAXIMUS
THE GREAT ROMAN RACE-COURSE
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VOCABULARY — ANIMALS MOSTLY TAME
cuds, is, C. a dog
(Slis, is, F. a cat
mas, marts, C. Gr. a mouse, **S£%3iS'^
sas, suis, C. a swine
pore us, i, M. a pig, a hog
aper, apri, M. a wild boar
pecus, oris, N. a herd of cattle
grex, gregis, M. a flock , herd, drove
b5s, bovis, C. an ox
boo, I roar
taunts, i, M. Gr. a bull
vacca, ae, F. a caw
juvenca, ae, F. a heifer
ovis, ovis, F. a sheep
arids, arietis, M. a ram
agnus, i, M. a lamb
caper, pri, M. a goat
haedus, I, M. a kid
armentum, i, N. plough-cattle , (oxen)
aro, I plow
j ttment um, i, N. J draught-cattle,
Junto, / yoke \ beasts of burden
(especially horses, mules, asses)
asinus, i, M. an ass
Onager, gri, M. Gr. a wild ass, (perhaps the sebra)
mftlus, i, M. a mule
equus, I, M. a horse
CaballuS, I, M. a nag, (the pack-horse)
glis, gliris, M. a dormouse
Sentences
B
1. Caper Bacch5 saerificio erat.
A
1. Lupl canibus similes sunt.-Ctc.
2. Canis acer leporem venatur.
hunte
3. Canis, catena vinctus, januam custodlvit.
guarded
4. Sunt albl dentds in ore apri.
5. Cerberus tergeminus canis Plutdnis erat~
Cerberus three headed
6. Diogenes vdcem canis habuit.
7. Egyptil sacrum et felem et canem et croco-
dilum habuerunt.
considered
8. Rusticus mus urbanum murem non amat.
9. Sunt doml agni, et porci pinguds.
10. Villa abundat porco, haedo, agnd, gallinfi.-
Cic.
11. Und saltu duds aprds capit.-Pror.
he takes
12. Ovem lupo committit -Prov.
he entrusts
13. Agnum lupd dripere vult.- Prov.
to rescue he wishes
76
2. Neque e^o homines magis asinos umquam
vidl -Plant.
have I seen
3. Instar montis equum dlvlna Palladia arte
aedificant.- Verg. of Minerva
4. Mull sunt cjui pretio superant equos.
5. Mulum de asino pingi t.-Prov.
6. Equus Marti saerificio erat.
7. EquI donatl dentes non Inspiciuntur.-Pror.
are inspected
8. Media dd nocte caballum arripit -Hor.
he seises
9. Optat ephippia bos piger, optat arfire
caballus.- Hor. to plow
10. Ambulat tamquam caballus in cllvd.-f Petr.
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VOCABULARY — ANIMALS MOSTLY WILD
animal, Slis, N. an animal
cam&us, i, M. a camel
camSlopardus, i, M. Gr. a giraffe
alces, is, F. the elk
cemi8, i, M. a deer
ibex, ibicis, M. the chamois
elephantus, i, M. an elephant
rhinoceros, otis, M. Gr. the rhinoceros
led, leonis, M. a lion
tigris, is, C. Gr. a tiger , a tigress
hyaena, ae, F. Gr. a hyena
panthera, ae, F. Gr. a panther
leopardns, i, M. Gr. a leopard
lynx, lyncis, C. Gr. a lynx
lepus, oris, M. a hare
lupus, i, M. a wolf
ursus, i, M. a bear
vulpes, is, F. a fox
sciurus, l, M. Gr. a squirrel
simius, I, M. an ape
crocodHus, i, M. Gr. a crocodile
Note. — Great modem cities maintain Zoological Gardens for the instruction of the citizens. Wild
animals are caught, transported and kept at enormous expense, that society may see them and learn. With
no less pains were they caught and collected 2000 years ago, but with two points of difference. Thousands
and thousands of wild animals were collected for old Rome; but it was done merely for the amusement of
the people, and they all came only to die. Such is one of the triumphs of Christian civilization.
The Camelopard, brought from the Cataracts of the Nile, was first exhibited to the Roman people by
Julius Caesar. It was always a rare treat. But the Camel apparently never or very rarely came to Rqjne.
He appears to have been a native domestic of almost all the known regions of Africa, Asia, and Russia, a
patient burden-bearer for long, tiresome desert journeys. When brought to Rome, he came as a great
curiosity, along with the wild animals, having sometimes one, sometimes two humps upon his back.
Elephants were used by the Carthaginians in Africa in battle. When captured they were brought
up to Rome, and turned loose in the Colosseum to battle the fierce lions and tigers to please the people.
Lions appear to have been very much more abundant in ancient times than now. They were found
then in Europe and Asia, as well as in Africa. Travelers in the north of Greece were attacked by lions.
On the hills of Palestine the youthful David tending his father’s sheep smote and slew the lion and took
4 ‘out of his mouth” the lamb he had stolen. Daniel was also thrown into a den of lions.
Lions would skulk and leap upon the backs o( the camels in the desert places of Syria, Arabia and Persia.
One learned traveler on his way to India writes that he saw a lioness with eight young near the city of Baby-
lon. Great numbers were caught and carried to Rome, to fight in the arena for the amusement of the
people. Caesar gave the people 400; which was no uncommon treat. Another ancient writer tells of the
great size and beauty of the Indian lions with their black tinted furs. These were said to be trained for
the chase, as the elephant is today.
The Rhinoceros Asiaticus was the Unicorn we read of in the Bible, while the Rhinoceros Africus was
a monster with two horns.
The Tiger was discovered for the Greeks by Alexander the Great, who borrowed also his Armenian
name, leaping “quick as an arrow.”
No wild animals caught for the arena of the Colosseum were more welcome than the leopard and the
panther, with their beautiful spotted skins. Deep pits were dug as traps for them in their favorite paths,
then covered up with sticks and leaves; or else they were taken as cubs from the mother’s lair in the wild
woods. Trapping was a great business, employing many men.
Stags were believed to feed upon the parsnip, a garden vegetable much prized today, in order that
they might be immune from the bites of snakes.
Modern scholars are wont to tell us that the wolf is the ancestor of the dog. In Roman days the
dog was a domestic wolf. The breed they most admired was the British mastiff. It was brought to Rome
as a big ugly fighter among all the wild animals of the Colosseum.
The squirrel received his name Scifirus from the Greeks, because he always carried along his tail for
a sun -shade over his back.
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VOCABULARIES— EARTH
I
terra, ae, F. a land, a country
insula, ae, F. an island
paeninsula, ae, F. a peninsula
mons, tig, M. a mountain
valies, is, F. a valley
collis, is, M. a hill
planitiSs, el, F. a plain
pains, udis, F. a hog, a swamp
dSserta, drum, N. A Desert, (desert places)
Delta, N. (indci.) Gr. The Delta (of the Nile)
prdmantnrinm, ii, N. a mountain-ridge,
• (a headland jutting into the sea)
II
ager, agri, M. a field
arvnm, am, an arable field , (plow land)
prfitnm, i, N. a meadow
hortus, i, M. a garden
jdgernm, i, N. a Roman acre
pagus, i, M. a district, a canton
V1CUS, I, M. a village, (in the country.)
(a row of houses by the roadside)
rfi8, rflris, N. “The Country,”
(oppos. to Urbs, “The City”)
campus, i, M. “The Campus,”
(any open field, or City Park)
territorium, ii, X. a territory,
(open country around a town)
Sentences
A
1. Orbis terrarum est rotundus et planus
-tamquam patella.
2. Italia e$t terra in Europa.
3. Italia est paeninsula.
4. Sicilia est insula in Europa.
5. Britannia est Insula.
6. Caesar ex terra Gallia in insulam Britan-
niam navigavit.
tailed
7. Caesar iter in Britanniam terra marique
fecit.
made
8. Aeneas Libyae deserta peragravit, et
Europa et Asia expulsus. wandered o'er
9. Nil! ostia septem Delta formaverunt.
formed
10. Ager Cainpanus orbis terrae pulcherrimus
est.-Cic.
11. Romae urbis colles septem fuerunt:
Mons Palatinus, Collis Quirinalis,
Mons Capitolinas, Mons Caelius,
Mons Esquilinus, Mons Aventinus,
Collis Vlminalis.
12. Aegyptum Nilus irrigat.-Ctc.
13. Persae aquam terramque a Lacedaemo-
niis petierunt.
demanded
14. Erat inter oppidum et collem planities.-
Caes.
15. Propter paludes exercitui aditus n5n est.-
Caes.
B
1. Ager est terra culta manibus hominum,
ut fruges ferat.
that it may bear
2. Non arvum est hoc, sed pascuus est ager.-
f Plant. ihi *
3. Romani hortos pulchros amaverunt.
4. Consul hortum civis laudat.
5. Hortos sub urbe late colunt.-f Varr.
6. Ad cenam hominem in hortos invltavit
in posterum diem.-Cic.
7. Hortus prior pinguis et rusticus delici-
arum causa flores fert, hortus posterior
cibl causa holus fert. ,n the rear
produce
8. Rus pingues agros, densas silvas, pascua
prata, magnas paludes, et pulchras villas
habet.
9. Rus it. Romam redit.
10. Omnis clvitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos
d I visa est .-Caes.
has been divided
11. SuevI centum pagos habuerunt.
The Suevi
12. Jugerum est mensura ex ducentis et
quadraginta pedibus in longitudinem, cen-
tum et viginti in latitudinem.-tP/?a.
13. Jugerum vocabatur, quod uno jugo bourn
it wan called becauee
in die exarari posset.
be plowed up it could
14. Jugera multa pratorum fluvil facillime
irrigant.
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VOCABULARIES— EARTH
tem, ae, F. land, (opp. to sea and sky)
solum, i, N.j 1 - the . bottom
\ 2. soil , land, (real estate)
humus, i, F. the grovnd
harena, ae, F. sand
limus, I, M. mire, filth, slime
lutum, I, N. mud
glaeba, ae, F. a clod (of earth), glebe
argilla, ae, F. Gr. potter’s clay
pulvis, eris, M. dust
calx, calcis, F. lime
calculus, i, M. a pebble
lapis, idis, M. a stone
saxum, i, N. a rock
scrflpulus, i, M / shar P ’to™
V OB, 1, 1V1. ^ 2 anxiHy
rtLpes, is, F. a steep rock, (crag, cliff)
caementum, i, N. unhewn stone, (freshly quarried)
phrnex, icis, M. a pumice-stone
1. Terrae motus sunt terribiles.
2. Humus erat timid a.
3. Nebula ex humo tirnida surgit.
rises
4. Humum umidam pedibus fodit.-Laeji.
he dug
5. Slcut harena quae est in lltore maris.- Vulg.
6. Flumina ad mare lutum et limum aggerunt.
w convey
i. Yentus nubes pulveris vehit.
carries
8. Prospectum oculorum nubes pulveris
abstulit.-Cttrf.
took aioay
9. Minister pulverem ob oculos magistri
Sentences
1 .
marmor, oris, N. Gr. marble
gemma, ae, F. a gem, (a jewel)
margarita, ae, F. urn, i, N. Gr. a pearl
crystallum, i, N. Gr. a crystal
onyx, ychis, C. Gr. onyx, (a yellowish marble)
sardonyx, ychis, C. Gr. sardonyx,
amethystus, i, F. Gr. amethyst, (a vioict-biue gem>
Hectrum, I, N. Gr. ) ,
shcinum, I, N. \ amber
suous, juice
magnes, etis, M. Gr. a loadstone, (magnet)
lychnites, ae, M. Gr. white marble, ta^aiSo^
silex, icis, M. a flint
sulfur, uris, N. sulphur
t5fus, i, M. tufa
i l adamnnf hardest
1. (Utamanl, xron. or steel)
2. the diamond
) Ore, (not gold or silver)
bronze, (- copper and tin)
money , (in rough lumps, in coins)
aspergit.
throws
magistri
10. Sulcos in pulvere ducit.-Pror.
he traces
11. Mathematici formas in pulvere describunt.
12. Lapis non saxum est -Pfin.
13. Structor mortarium ex calce viva et harena
mixta parat.
14. Demosthenes calculos lingua volvens dicere
domi solebat.-^wm/. to speak
used
15. Homines nefarios et scelestos ex rupe
Tarpeia praecipitant.
Tarpetan they throw head foremost
1. Parium marmor dels gratissimum erat.
2. Sculpttires omnes marmor candidum e Paro
insula amant. Lychnites est huic ndmen,
for this
quoniam ad lucemas in cuniculis caeditur.
mines it is quarried
3. Oceanus margarita gignit.-7ac.
propagates
4. Ne mittatis margaritas vestras ante porcos.
cast ye your
5. Resina aut sucus arboris pineae lapidescens
in aqua marina sucinum fecit. petrifying
made
6. Matronae Romanae pilam electri in mani-
bus suis refrigerandi eas causa porta verunt.
their of cooling them carried
7. Coquus silici scintillam excudit.-Fzry.
struck out of
8. Fulmen odSrem sulfuris relinquit.
leaves behind
9. Aes metalli nomen erat, ex aere Cyprio et
plumbo albo COmpositi. Cyprian
10. Emptor aes in zona portat.
girdle carries
1 1 . Vir aes alienum amici suscepit.
assumed
12. Romani gem mas circiter quattuordecim
habuerunt, quarum adamantem maxima
of which
pretio aestimaverunt.
they estimated
13. Lacrimas marmora manant. -Or.
trickle
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EARTH— THE ROMAN IDEA
Greece and Italy are the twin peninsulas of southern Europe. Greece is often pictured
as a human hand outspread upon the great mid-land sea; Italy as a horseman’s boot, with
heel, toe and spur; the three-cornered Island of Sicily being just off the tip of the toe; the
great Apennine Mountain range forming the bone of the leg, reaching down to the tip of the
toe, and over into Sicily. The instep, and the calf of the leg on the east were longtime the
, homes and haunts of mountain bandits, while the western bulge of the front of the leg, the
center of civilization, was a fertile land with a balmy clime.
The black crumbling volcanic soils of these southwestern shores, bathed in Sahara’s sea-
softened breezes, and shorn of cold by the sheltering Apennines, grew the choicest wines, fruits
and flowers. The peasant-farmers of olden times well knew this fact, and the finest agriculture
flourished here. But as business-life in Rome, the great capital near by, grew more and more
strenuous the wearied business-man, negftiitor, craved relaxation. There were no great
hotels, no sea-shore resorts for him to rest and hide in. Those quiet little peasant-farms on
the sunny slopes of Campania, so lonely and so lovely, finally caught his eye.
The Elder Scipio Africanus was the first great Roman to buy such a peasant-farm for a
country villa, a refuge from city care and city noise. Other rich Romans bought peasant-farms.
On such farms we read of two villas, Villa rastica, the farm-house, and Villa urbfina, the city-house.
Men like Scipio loved the real country life, the charming scenes of the inner court, the cors
interior of the Villa rastica: the teams, the herds at evening drinking from the villa’s native
spring, the geese and ducks merrily splashing, the swarms of chattering poultry all-expectant,
the kindly slaves ministering to these or preparing the savory supper.
Men like the Younger Scipio Africanus preferred the leisure and the luxury of the portico,
the sun-parlor, and the cozy chambers of the Villa urb&na.
Change of scene suggested a succession of homes. Cicero had six villas. Choice spots had
won his eye, havens from trouble and toil where he could rest and write his many books, so
valuable to the student of today. To have several villas was not uncommon. The villa site
with charming views, just under the brow of some sheltering hill, catching winter suns or summer
shades, in pleasant hearing of gurgling streams, was ever a prize to possess. The stretch of
country from Rome to the volcano Vesuvius became after the Christian Era a region of villas.
Campania Felix was then the garden spot of Italy, entered by the famous Appian Way.
The great Po Valley in the north was also fertile, but most of the lands of Italy were low
in the scale of fertility, returning perhaps 10 to 1, while those of Egypt, Palestine and Babylon
brought 100 to 1. The peasant-farmer of the mountain was often wont to raise his family on
bread of chestnut-meal, and beans for meat. Little wonder then that men bred on such rigorous
diet should become world -conquerors.
Travelers who climbed mountains for scenery’s sake were very few. The majesty of moun-
tains inspired only horror. The yawning chasm, the roaring avalanche, the eternal snow, the
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EARTH— THE ROMAN IDEA
biting cold, all these were untried terrors. The heart of the Alps was ever a terra incognita et
horrida. The Romans hated mountains, in vivid contrast with the mountain climbers of the
present day. Mount Etna, in Sicily, was the only mountain which they ascended for the view
and for scientific study.
It was the sunny slopes of the Apennines that suited the old-time Roman. There he found
comfort or luxury, beauty or value. Those Apennine foot-hills afforded many colored earths
for the fresco wall-pictures, which charm the traveler still ; crystal for the wine cups, berimmed
with gold; crystal, which the philosophers taught was merely ice , so hardened it could never
melt; marbles also of many hues, for pillars and inside walls, or cut in tiny squares for mosaic
floors like the Muses' caves, whence the name. The Roman ever loved Nature, the grove, the
grotto, the green, the country, as it is in plain and valley.
On the western shores of our two Americas volcanoes appear and earthquakes occur because,
scientists say, there the earth’s crust is thin. Likewise in Italy on the west of the Apennines the
traveler today may see the active volcano, or may explore the craters of many long ago extinct.
These volcanoes pouring out materials through the ages have built out and up above sea-
level the fertile plains of Latium and Campania.
Volumes of ash and cinder overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum. Herculaneum was
nearer the foot of Vesuvius, and therefore the covering was denser and harder; accompanied
also by vast quantities of water, it became cemented, so that now it is like rock to excavate,
and ia called Volcanic Tufa. Through the centuries rivers of heavy lava pouring into sea-
bottoms were covered with layers of mud or broken sea shells. This is called Calcareous
Tufa .
From the mines of the Lipari Islands, an off-shore group of seven, the world’s supply of the
finest snow-white Pumice is now obtained. It is merely lava foam, volcano froth; silex, flint-
stone once full of gas so light that it may float for days upon the sea or soar aloft in upper
air.
On the upper Tiber, near the Falls of the Anio, the Tufa, layer on layer, is now 400 to 500
feet thick. This consolidated Tufa is known as Travertine.
The Travertine quarries under the City of Rome, wherefrom have long been obtained the
Caementa, the imhcum blocks , for building home and palace, were the famous Catacombs, the
hiding place of the Christians.
South of Vesuvius long ago was left a very valuable deposit of volcanic ash of various colors.
The Italians today call it Pozzuolana ; we call it Hydraulic Cement. Volcanoes have often been
cruel, but they have also been kind to the Romans. They have given them Tufa and Traver-
tine for building their cities, cement for their own splendid Romanesque architecture, and inex-
haustible fertility for their farms.
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VOCABULARIES — WATER
I
aqua, ae, F. wafer
amor, oris, M. a liquid, moisture
liquor, 5ris, M. a fluid
bulla, ae, F. a bubble , (a child’s amulet)
pluvia, ae, F. rain
imber, bris, M. ipounng) rain , (a pelting) storm
nix, nivis, F. snow
grandS, inis, F. hail
glacies, ei, F. ice
gelum, i, N. or gelus, us, M. (hard) frost, cold
pruina, ae, F. hoar-frost
rSs, roris, M. dew
spftma, ae, F. searfoam
II
Oceanus, I, M. Ocean
mare, is, N. the sea
lacus, us, M. a lake
suras, Qs, M. o gulf, a bay (a fi£$ theto ‘* upon * te
portus, Us, M. a harbor
fretum, i, N. a strait
rivus, i, M. a brook
amnis, is, M. a stream , (broad, deep, or rapid)
fluvius, ii, M. \
. . XT > a river
liftmen, inis, N. j
vadum, l, N. a shoal , a ford, a wading-place
Sentences
A
1. Una res est aqua: unum ex quattuor
elementls est, ex quibus mundus constat.
which consists .
2. Aqua marina, aqua pluvialis, aqua nivalis,
aqua profluens, aqua stagnans genera
varia sunt.
3. Aqua marina est amarissima.
4. Pluvia est aqua de nubibus.
5. Aqua nivalis e nivibus manat liquefactls.
trickle* melted
6. Aqua profluens in amnibus defluit.
flow* down
7. Aqua stagnans in stagnls quiescit.
lie* still
8. Aqua fontium est semper pura.
9. Aqua fluminum est non saepe purissima.
10. Glacies est aqua gelu concreta.
11. Grand5 est imber gelu concreta.
12. Nix est nebula frigore concreta.
13. Pruina est ros gelidus.
14. Grandinis imbres in tdto caelo apparent.
15. Riira gelu turn claudit hiems.-Fm/.
shuts up
16. Danuvius ripas gelu jungit -Plin.
17. Nives in alto marl non cadunt -Plin.
fall
18. Cum ros in tenera herba est, turn gratis-
sima pecori est.
19. Aurora gelidds rores remittit.
lets go
20. Sonitus multarum aquarum aurem ferit.
strikes
B
1. Oceanus est pater omnium fluminum.
2. Omnis terra est parva insula, quam
Oceanus omnino circumfluit.-Cic. which
3. Maritimae civitates Oceanum attingunt.
touch upon
4. Nostrum mare est mediterraneum.
5. Mare sua natura tranquillum est.
6. Vis ventorum mare agitat.
7. Mare est profundum et immensum.-Cic.
8. Jupiter mare caelo miscet.-Pror.
mingles
9. Vir in mare fundit aquas.-/Vw.
pours
10. Vent! volvunt mare; fluctus ingentes ad
roll up huge
caelum consurgunt.
rise
1 1 . Nautae audaces circum maria omnia errant.
12. Sudor fluit undique rlvls.- Verg. binder
13. Nauta in portum navigat, et in vado tutus a
tempestate est. mils
14. Rdma est in flflmine Tiber! et Florentia in
flumine Arn5.
15. Flumen semper fluit, mare manet.
16. Rusticus exspectat, dum defluat amnis.
waits flows past
17. Graecia portus mult5s et bonos habet.
18. Italia portus paucissimos in Hadriatico
marl habet.
19. Levior est piscis, qul in alto, quam piscis,
qul vlvit in vado .-Cels, than
which
20. Ostiam urbem ad exitum Tiberis in mare
fluentis Ancus Marcius rex condidisse
fertlir. to have founded
is said
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VOCABULARIES — WATER
III
Hilda, ae, F. a wave
fluctus, ds, M. a billow
gorges, iti8, M. a whirlpool
aestos, ds, M. the tide 9 {^l
aestudrium, ii, N. a lagoon
stagnum, i, N. a pool , a pond
lltos, oris, N. the seashore , (beach, strand)
ora, ae, F. the coast (of the sea)
ripa, ae, F. the hank (of a river)
IIII
fons, fontis, M. a spring
lympha, ae, F. clear spring-water
puteus, i, M. a well
ci8tema, ae, F. a cistern
aqudrius, ii, M. a water-carrier
aquarium, ii, N. a watering-place (for cattle)
aquaeductus, ds, M. an aqueduct
cloaca, ae, F. a sewer
candlis, is, M. a water-pipe \ (canna, a reed)
balneae, drum, F. Gr. the baths
thermae, drum, F. Gr. warm baths
Sentences
A
1. Mare plenum undarum est.
2. Faciunt justos ignis et unda viros -Ov.
make legal husbands
3. Navis fluctibus in medils jactatur.
is tossed
4. Aeneas omnia circum lltora jactatur.- V erg.
5. Procella fluctus ad sldera tollit .-Fergr.
raises
6. Gurges maximis navibus est non peri-
culosus.
7. Aestus maris accedit et recedit, sed causa
ebbs flows
in sole lunaque est.-f Plin.
8. Aestus accessus et recessus lunae motu
ebb flow
gubernan tur.- f C ic.
are governed
9. Aestuaria sunt loca, ubi mare accedit et
recedit.
10. Lltus est, quo-usque maximus fluctus a
how far
marl pervenit.
reaches
11. Litus a ripa differt; ora maris est; unda
lltus tundit.
beats
12. Romulus Romam urbem in ripa Tiberis
posuit.
placed
13. Maritima ora Graeciae asperrima est.
14. Furit aestus harenls.- Verg.
15. Ostia est portus Romae.
B
1. Fons est aqua viva se fundens 5 terra.
itself
2. Est fons aquae dulcis, cui ndmen Arethusa
est.-fCic.
3. Multi fontes unum amnem faciunt.
make
4. Nllus fontium celat originem.-f Van.
conceals
5. Philosophdrum fons ipse Socrates est.-
Quint.
6. Puteus perpetuas aquas ex terrae venis
manantes habet, non tamen fontium
trickling
mdre effluentes, cistema aquain pluviam
flowing forth
collectam habet.
7. Roma copiam aquae purae recent idribus
temporibus habuit.
8. Aquaeductus quattuordecim aquam ad
urbem apportaverunt.
conveyed
9. Aquaeductus longissimus supra mllia
passuum sexaginta fuit.
10. Arcus, caementls exstructl, maxim! in
erected
altitfidinem pedum novem et centum,
canales sustinuerunt.
11. Arcus per montes et trans valles venerunt.
12. Cloaca Maxima, structa ex caementls a
Tarquinio Prisco, in latitudinem sedecim
pedum et in altitudinem triginta peduin
erat.
13. Multae cloacae llmum viarum Romae in
Tiberim abstulerunt.
carried away
14. Graecl Romanos usum balnearum et
thermarum docuerunt.
taught
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® ?” !*“ P MtO^ Wt ,r5l33
WATER — THE ROMAN IDEA
Balneae Pompeianae, The Public Baths at Pompeii
Buried with cinders by an eruption of the volcano Vesuvius in the year 79 A. D.
| Street Entrances to Furnaces
j- Street Entrances to Baths
2. Portico, covered
Waiting Room
a. seats, for persons waiting J
Office of Balnefitor, oris, M. the bath-keeper
Vestibule to
( Men's Baths
j- Corridors to Street Entrances
7. Passage-way
^ f Frigidfirium, ii, N. the cooling-room
c ‘ \ Apodytirium, ii, N. Gr. the undressing-room
b. b. Seats of Stone
10. Baptisterium, or Piscina, the pool , (cold water)
11. Tdnstrina, ae, F. the barber s shop
{ Tepidfirium, ii, N. the warm bath
Apodytfirium, ii, N. the undressing room
Unctdrium, ii, N. the anointing room
{ Cald&rium, ii, N. (square basin), hot bath
SQdfitorium, ii, N. bSSJ^n p sweating-place
Laconic am, i, N. (circular), vapor bath
14. 15. 16. Passage-ways to the Praefurnium
e. praefurnium, ii, N. the furnace-door
f. fornfiefitdres, M. (the 3 Copper) water-heaters
1 7. C ourt for Servants of the Baths
A. Street Entrance for Women
18. Vestibule to Women's Baths
19. Apodyterium
20. Baptisterium
21. Tepidfirium
f Caldfirium
\ Laconicum
balnefitor, oris, M. the bath-keeper
quadr&ns, antis, M. the bathers fee
strigilis, is, F. a scraper , (horn or metal)
oleum, i, N. OlV, (of olives)
unguentum, i, N. ointment
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WATER — THE ROMAN IDEA
Seneca tells us that the ancient Romans washed their arms and legs daily, and took a bath
once a week or every market-day. With the rapid advance of civilization, in that warm
climate daily bathing became a necessity. The copious floods of the great aqueducts provided
this daily luxury to even the meanest citizen.
The price of a bath was a QuadrSns, less than a fourth of an American cent. There were
built, it is said, 800 public baths in Rome for a population in Cicero’s time approaching 400,000
citizens. When public baths first came, it was for the lower orders only, but later the wealthy
and even the emperors bathed there also. Most great Romans, however, had in their splendid
homes a bath-room or a set of baths with the three principal rooms, the dressing-room, the
tepid bath, and the hot-air chamber.
The Lacdnicnm, the vapor-bath, was brought from Sparta. The Spartans, believing warm
water weakening for warriors, used only the daily river bath, and a dry sweat in a small closet
over a stove.
The ground-plan of the Baths at Pompeii, excavated in 1825, shows an Insula nearly sur-
rounded on three sides by shops opening to the street, with the baths inside.
Imagine a bather, his day’s work done, about 3 o’clock, entering at F, leaving his slaves,
not needed within, to sit under the Portico 2, 2, on the benches a, a, and his attending friends,
to enjoy the waiting-room 3, or to read the advertisements on the walls in the Office 4. Having
paid his Quadr&ns to the Balneator, he goes through the passage-way 7, into the Frigidarium 8,
a handsomely decorated room with a single glass window in the arched roof. Having un-
dressed, and hung up his clothing on the pegs around, he descends into the Piscina 10, a white
marble pool nearly 13 ft. in diameter and 3 ft. deep. Sitting down on the marble step under the
cold water he scrubs vigorously. If satisfied, he now returns home. If he does not like cold
water, he goes straight into the TepidSrium 12, and hangs up his clothes there. The warm
air prepares his body for the great heats coming.
Passing through a heavy self-closing door he enters the hot-room 13. In the centre of this
room, in the sudatorium, he begins to exercise violently, moving his limbs and lifting heavy
weights to promote profuse perspiration ; then with heated blood he enters the hot dry air of the
Laconicum, a circular closet heated by a honev-comb of hot flues under the floor, and ventilated
by a round hole in the top opened or closed at times with a bell-shaped shield drawn up or down
by a chain. Lastly he may step up into the square marble basin of the Caldarium, and, sitting
down on the marble steps under the hot water, may finish his task ; a slave with bone, horn or
metal strigilis, assisting, and as he returns to the TepidSrium drying him off with sponge or
towel, and finally anointing him with oil or perfumed ointment. He dresses, cools off in the
FrigidSrium, rejoins his waiting attendants and goes at once to dinner, cena, the chief meal of
the day, eaten at unmolested ease while evening steals the hours away.
The first Romans, like all people of. ancient times, carried water from the river, from native
springs, or drew from the public well. Stones from an old well-curb , puteal, now in the British
Museum, show marks of the ropes of the aquarii, water-carriers. Cicero praises Rome, “locum
fontibus abundantem,” and we are able yet to reckon that 23 springs flowed from the Seven
Hills.
During nearly 500 years such was the cumbersome water-supply of the great City. But in
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WATER — THE ROMAN IDEA
the year 312 B. C. Appius Claudius, builder of the famous old Appian Way, began the first great
Aqueduct, and after the time of the Christian era no city ever enjoyed a more lavish water-
supply.
Fourteen monstrous aqueducts brought down the sylvan streams of the Apennines, mostly
cold and clear. The volume of water was immense; indeed, it is said more water came down
to the city through the great aqueducts than flowed past it in the river Tiber. The longest
aqueduct was over 61 miles, mostly underground ; it was carried through mountains, and over
plains and valleys on arches of stone or brick, tier upon tier. The highest aqueduct measured
about 109 feet. To construct such public works was the labor of thousands of slaves, through
long years of toil. Some still supply water to the modem city of Rome. At the Mountain
end was usually a large basin for clarification, and at the City end others for storage.
All the water of the first aqueducts was applied to public purposes only; the citizens being
forbidden to touch any but the leakage from accidental flaws in the great water ducts. But the
Aquarii, water-officers, selling this on their own account, were continually tempted to make the
leak-holes larger to fill oftener the jars of their customers. Necessity soon compelled the city
to allow citizens the right of inserting each to his own house his own branch pipe of lead. Thai
so many punctures of the great mains permitted waste, and therefore, finally, club-reservoirs
over the city were built, each one to feed the nearby homes — 247 of these club-basins have
been counted.
The surplus water of the great aqueducts supplied the many public city fountains, built to
beautify the city, the same escaping finally into the big sewers below.
These costly sewers of enormous size, which the Romans themselves admired most of all
their public works, quickly drained away all polluted waters into the Tiber.
STRIGILES
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VOCABULARY — A DEC
25 r, aeris, M. Gr. the air
aura, &e, F. Gr. a breeze
ventos, i, M. wind
splritus, us, M. breath
turbo, inis, M. a whirlwind, hurricane, tornado
flfibra, drum, N. blasts (of wind)
nftbSs, ntibis, F. a cloud
nimbus, i, M. a black rain-cloud
nebula, ae, F. fog
vapor, oris, M. steam
fumus, i, M. smoke
The Ancients knew very little about Air. They believed fog, steam, smoke and cloud to be only
kinds of air. That was plain because they were light and had motion up. By the simple process of
thinning , water turned first into steam, a kind of air, and second into fire. Again, by the process of
thickening , fire changed first to smoke, a kind of air, second to water, and third to ice or crystal, forms
of earth. These processes going on forever made all things. They were called Rarefaction and Con-
densation.
Sentences
A
1. Aer significat elementum illud, quod
that which
spatium complet inter caelum et ter ram.
fill S tip
2. Terra, sita in media parte mundi, circum-
situated surrounded
fusa undique est hac animabill, splrabill
on every side by this life-giving breathable
nature, cui nomen est aer .-Cic.
to which
3. Ex terra aqua, ex aqua oritur aer; deinde
arises
retrorsum vicissim ex aere aqua, ex aqua
terra infirma.-Ctc.
4. Agitatus aer auram facit.
makes
5. Et me nunc omnes terrent aura e.-Verg.
me
6. Ventus est aeris fluens unda cum incerta
motus redundantia.- Vitr.
redundancy
7. Vehementior splritus ventus est, invicem
rather forcible
splritus le viter fluens aer -Sen.
8. Vent! ruunt et terras turbine perflant.
blow over
87
B
1. Aer concretus in nubes cogitur .-Cic.
is compressed
2. Atra nubes condidit lunam.- Hor.
hides
3. Eripiunt subitd nubes caelumque diemque.
snatch away
4. Jupiter collectas fugat nubes solemque
reducit.-Fen/.
leads back
5. Nimbus est pluvia repentina et brevior:
differt a pluvia, quae continua est, et lenior.
which
6. Nebula est vapor a terra atque aquls
surgens.
7. Nebula est rarior, nubes est densior.
8. Terrenus vapor siccus est et fumo similis,
qui vent5s, tonitrua et fulmina facit. ^ -Sen.
9. Semper flamma fumo est proxima -Prov.
10. De fumo, ut proverbium vetus est, ad
flam mam.
11. Multa a luna manant, et fluunt.-C?’c.
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VOCABULARY— FIRE
ignis, is, M. (»bi. igni), fire
incendinm, ii, N. a fire , a conflagration
flamma, ae, F. a flame , a blaze
scintilla, ae, F. a spark
carbo, 6nis, M. a coal , charcoal, Give or dead)
cinis, eris, M. ashes
ffUnns, i, M. smoke
fanus, eris, N. a funeral, ( ^„ bu d ™ n *at which
fulifij, inis, F. soot
calor, oris, M. heat
lux, lflcis, F. the light
liimen, inis, N. light , (a source of light)
umbra, ae, F. a shade , a shadow , (a departed spirit)
Vesta, ae, F. Vesta , (Goddess of Fire)
Vestales virgines, Vestal virgins
fl&men, inis, M. a
who blows the flame,
or
who bums the offering
ara, Srae, F. an altar
altaria, ium, N. a high altar
fax, facis, F. a torch , (originally a pine-knot)
candSla, ae, F. a candle , (w ax or tallow)
candelabrum, i, N. a chandelier , a candlestick
lantema, ae, F. a lantern (of horn)
luceraa, ae, F. a lamp (for oil)
focus, i, M. a fire-place, (a hearth)
foculus, i, M. a brazier , (a fire-pan)
fumus, i, M. an oven
A-kitchen range with food and utensils was uncovered at Pompeii; also a bake-shop, with mill and oven,
and loaves of bread therein charred to cinder.
Cities in olden times were not lighted at all as ours. Every traveler by night had to carry his own
torch or lantern, or be lighted by his slave through the dingy narrow streets and lanes.
Heating the water for the great public baths was a heavy task. No big coal mines supplied coal for
a constant fire. To save fuel fresh fires had to be made daily. Charcoal or wood or straw was fed to the
fumus, the flaming oven , under the three copper boilers. When the water in the lowest was hot, a bell
summoned the bathers. Feeding the fires through years impaired the eyesight of the slaves on duty.
Sentences
A
1. Ignis est unum e quattuor elementls;
caldrem ac lumen habet.
2. Ignis hominibus utilissimus est.
3. Fumi incendiorum procul videbantur.
were seen
4. Lux incendil pulcherrima erat.
5. Incendil fumus aterrimus erat.
6. Servus carbones in ignem in foculo ponit.
puts
7. Dlcuntur etiam carbones minutae scin-
are called
tillae ex lignis ardentibus saepe exsilientes.
burning leaping out
8. Vigiles incendil flammas exstinguunt.
9. Fumus est vapor niger ex igni.
10. Puerl os oblitum ffillgine erat.
besmeared
11. Calor sSlis senl hieme est gratus.
12. Carbones vivi cinerem inanimum celeriter
faciunt.
13. Aurora nov5 spargebat lumine terras.- V erg.
was sprinkling
14. Funera Romae noctu cum faeibus
celebrantur.
are celebrated
15. Cadavera noctu Romani igni cremaverunt.
dead bodies burned
88
B
1. Vestae templum antiquissimum erat.
2. Vestales virgines sex ignem sacrum in ara
templl Vestae curaverunt; quaeque tri-
ginta annos in offieid fuit.
3. Fax est simplicissimum luminum.
4. Sol est splendidissimuin luminum.
5. Cinis candelae levissimus est.
6. Lueema scrlbae nequam erat.
7. De lignis carbones coquun t.-Cato.
they char
8. Arbor viridis est minus utilis carboniA
t Plin.
9. Mater coquit pinguissimam gallinam car-
bone.- fP/ir/.
10. Pater ligna super foco large repdnit.
replaces
11. Sacrum vetustisexstruit lignis focum.- //or.
old heaps high
12. Ara differt ab altaribus, ilia humilior est.
the former
13. Foculus erat parvus focus.
14. Pater aram Jovi c6nsecrat.
consecrates
15. Flamen tura aris fumosis dat.
gives
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FIRE— THE ROMAN IDEA
All the world well knows the ancient maxim, “Fire is a very good servant, but a very bad
master.” In the year 390 B. C. the Gauls, the giant warriors “with fair hair and flashing eyes,”
sweeping south from the river Po spread panic over Italy. All fled before that terrific horde,
or fell beneath their heavy swords. They entered the empty city. They sacked and burned
the deserted homes. Only the ant with its few valiant defenders remained. The whole city
of wooden houses with straw-thatched roofs became ashes.
Again, in Nero’s reign, in the year 64 A. D., a second fire of 8 days destroyed 10 of the 14 wards.
The chief loss of the first great fire was the priceless records of the earliest history of Ancient
Rome, of the second was the sacred temples of the Seven Kings.
To rebuild the houses of wood a third time was impossible. The best timber of the Apennines
was gone. No railroads were waiting to carry more from far countries. But Nero, proudly styling
himself an artist, rebuilt magnificently, with broader, straighter streets, and walls of brick or stone.
There w r ere no means of extinguishing fire in those days, no rods of rubber hose, no tall fire-
ladders. Once only do we read of the fire-aigine, sipho, a squirt . Precautions must provide
protection. Precautions taken therefore were the Vigiles, watchmen , patrolling and changing
at each Vigilia, three-hour night-icafcA/ the Insulae, isolated apartment-houses four feet apart by
law; the use of the Gabian or fire-proof stone, and burnt bricks of all shapes; the substitution of
pavimenta, pavements and mosaics for boarded floors; also of the camerae, arched ceilings of
plaster or cement; lastly the restriction of height to 70 feet. But herein also lurked a new and
most dreadful peril. There were no long iron rods, or cross beams of iron to tie together these
tall house-walls; and frequent earthquakes were liable to spread them; when all the interior
floors of seven stories were prone to collapse , peril was still prevalent. Therefore the wealthy
Roman aimed to build his mansion one story high.
The first men had no matches. Fresh fire had to be started in one of three ways: by long
rubbing two sticks together, by striking sparks from two flints, and later with the burning glass.
The task was not easy, often requiring hours of persistent effort. Naturally, they tried to save
the fire. Hence the early Romans founded the temple of Vesta, where the sacred fire, lighted
anew from the sun once a year, on New Year’s Day, March the 1st, and tended by the six holy
virgins, was kept alw r avs burning. The temple of Vesta stood near the public water-w r ell; hence
at one journey fire and water could be carried to any home at any time. Other ancient cities
preserved the sacred fire for the same reason. The fire on the hearth and altar, in the home, in
the temple, in the town hall, was the source of light and heat, and the centre of gossip and of
worship.
Those ancient Romans had no knowledge of chimneys. The hole in the peak of their pointed
straw-thatched huts, culmina, emitted the smoke. Later all houses, palaces, and temples were
built with a large square hole in the roof, impluvium, at once to emit the smoke and to admit the
daylight. Oil lamps also had no chimneys. Hence the Strium, their chief living room , was
dark (ater) ; walls, and ceilings, and white marble statuary, — everything was smoked and black-
ened; their eyes, their breathing were distressed. Ffimdsus December was sportively styled the
saddest time of year. To lessen smoke the wood was made very dry, and sometimes smeared
with scum of olive oil. If the day was cool a brazier , foculus, of glowing charcoal was carried
into the middle of the room, as travelers still find the custom.
89
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PRONOUNS
91
Digitized by
TEMPMJM VESTAE
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PRONOUNS
A Pronoun is a word that stands for a Noun.
Note. — The Noun for which it stands is called
its Antecedent.
The Two Properties of the Pronoun
1st. It must stand for a Noun.
The Demonstrative Pronouns
hie, h&ec, hoc, this: D«m. Pron. lit Per*,
iste, ista, istud, that: D«n. Pron. Id Pen.
ille, ilia, illud, that: D«*n. Pron. Id Pen.
The Determinative Pronoun
2d.
It may serve as a Noun, or
It may serve as an Adjective.
Two Rules of Agreement
is, ea, id, that
The Pronoun of Identity
idem, eadem, idem, same .
Rule 1. — A Pronoun, serving as a Noun, agrees
with its Antecedent in Person , Number , and Gender ,
bul its Case depends upon the construction of the
clause in which it stands.
Rule 2. — A Pronoun, serving as aru Adjective,
agrees with its Noun in Gender, Number , and Case,
but cannot always in Declension.
The Eight Kinds of Pronouns
Personal, Demonstrative, Determinative,
of Identity, Intensive, Relative, Interrogative,
Indefinite.
The Personal Pronouns
ego, I: Pori. Pron. 1st Pen. j
Pen. Pron. Id Pen.
I (Substantive,
> used as a
[ Noun)
8Ui, of himself: P«ri. Pron. Sd Pen.
The Intensive Pronoun
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self
The Relative
qui, quae, quod, who, which
The Interrogative
qui8? quae? quid? who? whatf (Substantive)
qui (— )? quae (— )? quod (— )? which (— )?
what ( — )? (Adjective)
The Indefinite Pronouns
The Indefinite Pronouns are numerous.
They are formed by various combinations of
Pronouns and Pronoun Adjectives.
They are used in place of Nouns to desig-
nate whatever is indefinite or uncertain.
Rules of Order
meus, my
noster, our
tuns, thy
vester, your
suns, his:
P era. Pron. lit Pen.
Pori. Pron. Id Pom.
Peri. Pron. Sd Pen.
t (Possessive, used
r as an Adjective)
is, he; ea, she; id, it: P«ri. Pron. id Pen.
I. Demonstrative, Determinative, Relative, and
Interrogative Pronouns, also the Pronoun of Identity
normally precede their Nouns.
II. The Intensive and Indefinite Pronouns, also
Possessive and Reflexive forms normally follow their
Nouns.
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE FIRST PERSON
Substantive Sense
Possessive Sense
ego, I
mens, mea,
meum, my,
mine
Sing.
Sing.
Plur.
M.
F.
N.
M.
¥.
N.
Nom .
«go» I
mens
mea
meum
mei
meae
mea
Gen.
mei, of me
mei
meae
mei
meorum
mearum
mebrum
Dat.
mihi, to, for me
meb
meae
meb
meis
meis
meis
Acc.
mS, me
meum
meam
meum
mebs
meis
mea
Voc.
wanting
mi
mea
meum
mei
meae
mea
Abl.
me, by , with, from me
meo
mea
meb
meis
meis
meis
noster, nostra,
, nostrum, our , ours
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N,
Nom.
nds, we
noster
nostra
nostrum
nostri
nostrae
nostra
Gen.
liostrum, nostri, of us
nostri
nostrae
nostri
nostrorum
nostrSrum
nostrbrum
Dot.
nbbis, to, for us
nostrb
nostrae
nostrb
nostris
nostris
nostris
Acc.
n5s, us
nostrum
nostram
nostrum
nostrbs
nostris
nostra
Voc.
wanting
noster
nostra
nostrum
nostri
nostrae
nostra
Abl.
n5bis, by, with , from us
nostro
nostra
nostrb
nostris
nostris
nostris
PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE SECOND PERSON
Substantive Sense Possessive Sense
tb, thou or you
i
i
, tuum, thy, thine
Sing.
Sing.
Plur.
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
Nom.
tb, thou
tuus
tua
tuum
tui
tuae
tua
Gen.
tui, of thee
tui
tuae
tui
tuorum
tuSrnm
tubrum
Dat.
tibi, to, for thee
tub
tuae
tub
tuis
tuis
tuis
Acc.
tb, thee
tuum
tuam
tuum
tubs
tuis
tua
Voc.
tb, 0 thou
(Vocative wanting)
(Vocative wanting)
Abl.
te, by, with, from thee
tub
tua
tub
tuis
tuis
tuis
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
Nom.
▼bs, you, ye
vester
vestra
vestrum
vestri
vestrae
vestra
Gen.
vestrum, vestri, of ymi
vestri
vestrae
vestri
vestrorum
vestrirum
vestrbrum
Dat.
vbbis, to, for you
vestro
vestra©
vestrb
vestris
vestris
vestris
Acc.
vos, you
vest rum
vestram
vestrum
vestrbs
vestrbs
vestra
Voc.
vos, 0 ye
(Vocative wanting)
(Vocative wanting)
Abl.
vbbis, by, with, from you
vestrb
vestra
vestrb
vestris
vestris
vestris
94
Digitized by ^.ooQle
PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE THIRD PERSON
DETERMINATIVE USE
Substantive Sense
Possessive Sense
Sing.
M.
F.
N.
Nom.
is, he
ea, she
id, it
Gen.
ejus, of him
©jus, of her ejus, of it
Dat.
ei, to, for him
ei, to, for her ei, to, for it
Acc.
eum, him
(Vocative wanting)
earn, her
id, it
Abl.
e5, by, with,
ei, by, with, ed, by, with,
from him
from her
from it
his (— )
his
F. N.
. . ( her (— ) ejufl, its (— )
eiVS \hers
Note. — ejus, his ( — ), etc., borrowed from the
Genitive Singular of the Determinative Pronoun
(see page 100).
Plur.
Norn. ei, ii, i, they
Gen. e5ram, of
them
Dai. eis, iis, is,
to, for them
Acc. e6s, them
eae, they e&, they
earum, of eorum, of
them them
eis, iis, is, eis, iis, is,
to, for them to, for them
els, them ea, them
Abl.
(Vocative wanting)
eis, iis, is,
by, with,
from them
eis, iis, is,
by, with,
from them
eis, iis, is,
by, wiih,
from them
eorum eSrum eorum
( their ( — ) ( their ( — ) f their ( — )
\ theirs \ theirs \ theirs
Note. — eftrum, theirs ( — ), etc., borrowed from
the Genitive Plural of the Determinative Pronoun
(see page 100;.
reflexive use
8ing.
Gen.
Dai.
Acc.
Abl.
Substantive Sense
(Nominative wanting)
sui, of himself, herself, itself
sibi, to, for himself, herself, itself
se or sese, himself, herself, itself
(Vocative wonting)
si or sese, by, with, from himself,
herself , itself
Possessive Sense
M.
suus
his own
his
¥.
her own
her, hers
N.
{ its own
its
Note. — suus, sua, suum, his own , his, etc., is de-
clined in full, Singular and Plural, like bonus, bona,
bonum, (Vocatives wanting.)
Plur.
(Nominative wanting)
Gen. sui, of themselves
Dot. sibi, to, for themselves
Acc. se or sese, themselves
(Vocative wanting)
Abl. sS or sese, by, with, from themselves
suus sua suum
{ their own f their own j their own
their, theirs \ their, theirs \ their, theirs
Note. — suus, sua, suum, their own, their, theirs,
is declined in full, Singular and Plural, like bonus*
bona, bonum, (Vocative* wanting.)
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN OF THE FIRST PERSON
Norn.
hie, h&ec, hoc, this (near myself)
Singular
M. F. N. M.
hie, h&ec, hoc, hi,
this* (man) this\ (woman) lhis\ (thine) these (men)
Plural
F.
h&e,
these (women)
N.
h&ec,
these (things)
Gen.
hQjus
hfijus
hQjus
h5rum
hSrum
horum
Dot.
huic
huic
huic
his
his
Acc.
hone
bane
hoc
hds
has
haec
(Vocative wanting)
(Vocative wanting)
Ahl.
hoc
hac
h5c
his
his
his
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
OF THE SECOND PERSON
iste, ista, istud, that ( near thyself, of yours)
Singular
M. F,
Norn, iste, ista,
that (man) that (woman)
N.
istud,
that (thing)
M.
isti,
those (men)
Plural
F.
ist&e,
those (women)
N.
ista,
those (things)
Gen.
istius
istius
istius
istdrtim
istarum
istorum
Dot.
isti
isti
isti
istis
istis
istis
Acc.
istuxn
istam
istud
istds
istas
ista
(Vocative wanting)
(Vocative wanting)
Abl.
ista
istS
ist5
istis
istis
istis
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
OF THE THIRD PERSON
ille, ilia, illud, that (near him, her, it =
yonder)
Nom.
Singular
M. F
me, ' ilia,
that (man) ' that (woman)
N.
mud,
that (thing)
M.
illi,
those (men)
Plural
F.
ill&e,
those (women)
N.
ilia,
those (thing*)
Gen .
illing
illius
illius
msrum
illarum
illSrum
Dat.
ill!
ill!
ill!
illis
illis
illig
Acc.
ilium
ill&m
mud
mss
illis
ilia
(Vocative wanting)
(Vocative wanting)
AM.
ms
ms
ms
illis
tills
illis
* Man, or other Masculine Noun,
t Woman, or other Feminine Noun.
X Thing, or other Neuter Noun.
Note— I stc frequently implies contempt, shown
in conversation by voice or eye, but in translation
it requires a parenthetical word, thus, istt gladiatori,
to that (horrid) gladiator.
96
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THE DECLENSION OF THE ANTECEDENT
Sinf.
N. M. 3
Sing.
N. F. 3
Victrix = a conqueress
N.
Victor
a conqueror
N.
Victric
s
G.
dr
is,
of a
G.
ic
is, of a
D.
5r
i,
to , for
D.
ic
I, to, for
Ac.
dr
em,
o (....)
Ac.
ic
em, a ( )
V.
or
Oh
V.
c
s, Oh
Ab.
Ptai.
dr
e,
by , with, from
Ab.
Plar.
ic
e, by, with, from
N.
Victor
9s,
conquerors
N.
Victric
9s, conqueresses
G.
dr
um,
of
G.
ic
ium, of
D.
dr
ibus,
to, for
D.
ic
ibus, to, for
Ac.
or
9s,
(....>
Ac.
ic
9s, (. . . .)cs
V.
dr
9s,
Oh
V.
ic
9s, Oh
Ab.
dr
ibus,
by, with, from
Ab.
Exercises
ic
ibus, by, with, from
A B
1. Mihi, me, ndbls, nos
2. Tibi, te, vobis, vos
3. Mel, tui, nostrum, vestrum
4. Sul, se, sibi, sese
5. Sic se res habet.-Cic.
1. I, me, thee, she, he, her, him
2. Of me, by me, for me, with me
3. Of thee, by thee, to thee, from thee
4. We, us, for us, of us, by us
5. You, ye, to you, of you, with you
Buie of Order. — Possessives normally follow the Nouns they qualify.
C
1. Pater noster. Mater mea.
2. Pater tuus. Frater meus.
3. Fratris mel. Sororl meae.
4. Patrum nostrorum. Sororibus nostris.
5. Sororum vestrarum. Fra tribus vestrls.
D
1. Our mother. Your father.
2. My father. Thy mother.
3. Of my brother. To thy sister.
4. For our mothers. By our fathers.
5. Your brothers. Our sisters.
Rule of Order. — Possessives emphatic precede the Noum they qualify.
E
1. Mea domus. Meus equus.
2. Consul suam domum laudat, virgo etiam
ejus domum laudat.
3. Sul parentes. Suae res. Sua bona.
4. Suarum domuum. Sua spe.
F
1. Cato has his own house.
2. Cato has his own horse.
3. Cato praises his own horse, and Galba also
praises his horse.
4. By their own hands. In their steps.
97
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
VOCABULARY— EVERY-DAY OCCUPATIONS
{Endings tor, trix)
Notice how few the number of useful occupations
negotium, ii f N. business
negotiator, oris, M. a banker , (» big business man)
aritor, 6ris, M. a plowman
x . a Ityf J !• a driver (of horses or cattle)
\ 2. a charioteer , a coachman
conditor, oris, M. a founder , a builder
doctor, 6ris, M. a teacher
pr&eceptor, 6ris, M. an instructor
( a professor
professor, 5ris, M. < a public teacher of any
branch
litterator, 5ris, M. a teacher of reading and
writing
gladiator, oris, M. a gladialor t a swordsman
gubern&tor, 5ris, M. a pilot
. , . ** f a commander-in-chief
imperator, 5m, M. j £wiperor
lector, oris, M. a reader, re “ ta aloud 10
merc&tor, oris, M. a merchant 4 (wholesale)
ambulator, oris, M. an idler
sponsor, oris, M. a bondsman
tutor, 5ris, M. a guardian (of minors, etc.)
ntitrix, ids, F. a nurse
pastor, dris, M. a shepherd
pistbr, 0 ri 8 , M. a baker , (orig. a miller)
pictor, 6ris, M. a painter
scriptor, 5ris, M. a scribe , a writer
sculptor, oris, M. a sculptor
structor, oris, M. a builder , carver
speculator, dris, M. \
_ > a s py
speculatrix, icis, F. j
expldrator, oris, M. a scout
victor, oris, M. a conqueror
victrix, icis, F. a cotupieress
Venator, 5ris, M. a hunter
ven&trix, ids, F. a huntress
vinitor, oris, M. a vine dresser
sQtor, oris, M. a shoemaker
tdnsor, oris, M. a barber
Rule of Order. — Demonstratives normally precede the Nouns they qualify.
A
1. Hie vir
2. Hie victor
3. Iste tonsor
4. Ille arator
D
1. Hi doctores
2. Hi merca tores
3. 1st! gladiatores
4 . Till pietdres
G
1. This instructor
2. That idler
3. That pilot
J
1. These sculptors
2. Those scouts
3. Yonder shepherds
Nominatives
B
1. Haec feinina
2. Haec victrix
3. Ista puella
4. Ilia virgo
E
1. Hae nut rices
2. Hae mat res
3. Istae speculatrices
4. Illae sorores
H
1. This queen
2. That voice
3. Yonder rose
K
1. These islands
2. Those nights
3. Those violets
1. Hoc animal
2. Hoc regnum
3. Istud bellum
4. Illud templum
F
1. Haec carmina
2. Haec poemata
3. Ista vectlgalia
4. Ilia marmora
I
1. This business
2. That body
3. Yonder sea
L
1. These works
2. Those rocks
3. Yonder oaks
98
Digitized by v^ooQle
THE AGREEMENT WITH THE SUBSTANTIVE
A
1. Hujus victSris
2. Istius tonsoris
3. Illius aratoris
D
1. Horum victorum
2. Istorum tonsorum
3. Illorum aratorum
G
1. Huic doctor!
2. 1st! gladiator!
3. 111! pictori
J
1. His doctoribus •
2. Istis gladiatoribus
3. Illis pict5ribus
M
1. Hunc aratSrem
2. Istum ambulatdrem
3. Ilium doctorem
P
1. Hos gubernatores
2. Istos tonsores
3. Ulos mercatores
S
1. (By) this instructor
2. (By) that baker
3. (By) that sculptor
V
1. (By) these scribes
2. (By) those gladiators
3. (By) yonder shepherds
Genitives
B
1. Hujus victrids
2. Istius puellae
3. Illius virginis
E
1. Hamm victricium
2. Istarum puellarum
3. Illarum virginum
Datives
H
1. Huic matri
2. 1st! specula trie!
3. 111! sorori
K
1. His matribus
2. Istis specula tricibus
3. Illis sorori bus
Accusatives
N
1. Hanc feminam
2. Istam luxuriem
3. Illam speciem
Q
1. Has res
2. Istas facies
3. Illas acus
Ablatives
T
1. (With) this conqueress
2. (With) that nurse
3. (With) yonder huntress
W
1. (With) these conqueresses
2. (With) those spies
3. (With) those huntresses
C
1 .
2 .
3.
F
1.
2 .
3.
I
1.
2 .
3.
L
1.
2 .
3.
O
1.
2 .
3.
R
1.
2 .
3.
U
1.
2 .
3.
X
1.
2 .
3.
Note. — A blatives of persons usually require the prepositions a, ab y by, or cum,
without them.
99
Hujus animalis
Istius belli
Illius templi
Horum animalium
Istorum bellorum
Illorum templorum
Huic carmini
Isti vectigali
I Hi marmori
His carminibus
Istis vectigalibus
Illis marmori bus
Hoc metallum
Istud genu
Illud mel
Haec marmora
Ista cornua
Ilia regna
From this seat
From that journey
From yonder sea
From these bodies
From those heads
From yonder rocks
, with, but may be used
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN
is, ea, id,
that (the aforesaid)
Singular
Plural
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
Nom . is,
ea,
id,
ei, ii, i,
eae,
ea,
that *(man)
that f( woman)
that {(thing)
those (men)
those (women)
those (things)
Gen.
ejus
ejus
ejus
eorum
earum
eSnun
Dat.
ei
ei
ei
eis, iis, is
eis, iis, is
eis, iis, is
Acc.
eum
earn
id
e5s
eas
ea
Abl
(Vocative wanting)
(Vocative wanting)
e5
ei
e$
eis, iis, is
eis, iis, is
eis, iis, is
THE PRONOUN OF IDENTITY
M.
Nom. idem, the
Same *(man)
Gen. ejusdem
Dai. eidem
Acc. eundem
idem, eadem, idem, same
Singular
F. N.
eadem, the idem, the
same f( woman) same {(thing)
ejusdem
eidem
eandem
Aid. eodem
(Vocative wanting)
eadem
ejusdem
eidem
idem
eddem
M.
eidem ) the
idem }“
eorundem
eisdem, isdem
eosdem
Plural
F. N.
eaedem, the eadem, the
same (women) same (things)
earundem eorundem
eisdem, isdem eisdem, isdem
easdem eadem
(Vocative wanting)
eisdem, isdem eisdem, isdem eisdem, isdem
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN
Singular
ipse,
ipsa, ipsum, self
Plural
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
Nom.
ipse,
(him) self
ipsa,
ipsum,
ipsi,
ipsae,
ipsa,
(her) self
(ita) Self
(them) selves
(them) selves
(them) selves
Gen.
ipsius
ipsius
ipsius
ipsorum
ipsarum
ipsdrum
Dat.
ipsi
ipsi
ipsi
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
Acc.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
Abl
(Vocative wanting)
(Vocative wanting)
1P85
ipsa
ipsd
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
Note— Ipse is often used to intensify another pronoun, as nds ipsi, (nds met ipsi), toe ourselves; or &
noun, as vir ipse ibit, the man will go himself ', used intensively: but vir si am&bit, the tnan will love himself,
is used reflexively.
* Man, or other Masculine Noun. Note, is always refers to something said or thought
t Woman, or other Feminine Noun. of before.
t Thing, or other Neuter Noun.
HOW TO PARSE PRONOUNS
Dem. Pr. 1 Intens. Pr. Reflx. Pr. 3 Reflx. Poss. Pr. 3
N. S. M. N. S. M. Ac. S. M. Ac. S. F.
Hie vir ipse et se et suam uxorem laudat.
100
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VOCABULARY— THE FAMILY
parens, entis, C. a parent
P&tlia, m, F. <**'• fatherland (or native oountry)
pater, tris, M. a father
mater, tris, F. a mother
fritter, tris, M. a brother
soror, oris, F. o sister
uxor, 6ris, F. a wife
films, ii, M. a son
fHia, ae, F. a daughter
liberi, 5rum, M. pi. the children
avus, i, M. a grandfather
avia, ae, F. a grandmother
nepos, otis, M. a grandson
neptis, is, F. a granddaughter
consobrinus, i, M.
consbbrina, ae, F.
alumnns, i, M. a foster-son
alumna, ae, F. a foster-daughter
pupillus, i, M. an orphan boy ) , . . %
pbpilla, ae, F. an orphan girl j a w ’ a nunor ^
a cousin
(a brother's or sister’s child)
{ The Determinative Pronoun precedes its Noun.
The Pronoun of Identity precedes its Noun.
The Intensive normally follows, but emphatically precedes the Noun it qualifies.
Masc.
A
1. Pater ejus pueri
2. Fra ter ejusdem pueri
3. Avus ipse ejus pueri
D
1. Est pater el puero
2. Est frater eidem puero
3. El pupillo ipsl
G
1. Liberi eorumparentium
2. Liberi eorundem parentium.
3. Els Uberis ipsls
Fem.
Genitives
B
1. Mater ejus puellae
2. Soror ejusdem puellae
3. Avia ipsa ejus puellae
Datives
E
1. Est mater el puellae
2. Est soror eidem puellae
3. El pupillae ipsl
Neut.
C
1. Domus ejus animalis
2. Pes ejusdem animalis
3. Caput ipslus animalis
F
1 . El patri bond
2. Eidem matri bonae
3. El fideli uxori ipsl
Plurals
H I
1. Liberi eandem aviam habent. 1. Eisllberis
2. Sunt ejusdem patriae liberi 2. Elsdem liberis
3. Ea patriam ipsam amat 3. Liberis ipsls
J
1. The son of that father
2. The son of the same father
3. The grandson himself
of that aged man
M
1. (By) that son
2. (By) the same foster-son
3. (By) that orphan boy
himself
K
1. The daughter of that mother
2. The daughter of the same
mother
3. The granddaughter herself
of that old woman
L
1. My wife has two brothers
2. Your son has three sisters
3. His grandson has a wife
N
1. (With) that daughter
2. (With) the same foster-
daughter
3. (With) that orphan-girl
herself
O
1. From that fatherland
2. From the same fatherland
3. From that fatherland
itself
101
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
qui, quae, quod, t oho, which
M. w. n .
Nom . qui, who quae, who quod, which
Gen. cQjuB f cfijus, c&ju 8,
whose whose of which
Dot. cui, to, cm, to, cui, to,
for whom for whom for which
Acc. qaem, whom quam, whom quod, which
(Vocative wanting)
Abl. qu5, by, with, qui, by, with, qu6, by, with,
from whom from whom from which
M.
qui, who
qudrum,
whose
quibus, to,
for whom
quds, whom
quibus, by
with, from
whom
Floral
F.
quae, who
qu&rum,
whose
quibus, to,
for whom
qu&s, whom
(Vocative wanting)
quibus, by,
with, from
whom
N.
quae, which
qudrum,
of which
quibus, to,
for which
quae, which
quibus, by,
with, from
which
Note. — The Adjective Relative also was sometimes used as it is in English, viz. : qui spi adducti, by
which hope led on.
Singular
F.
THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
quis, quae, quid, whof whatf
quis, whof
whof
quae
qui, what — f
[what — f
Nom.
Gen. cfljus,
whose f
Dai. cui, to,
for whom?
cujus,
whose f
cui, to,
for whom?
A cc. quern, whom ? quam, whom ?
[quid, what t
quod, which — ?
cujus,
of whatf
cui, to,
for what?
quid, what? or
quod, which f
M.
qui, whof
qudrum,
whose f
quibus, to,
for whomf
Plural
F.
quae, whof
qu&rum,
whosef
quibus, to,
for whom?
N.
quae, what ?
qudrum,
of whatf
quibus, to,
for whatf
(Vocative wanting)
Abl. qud, by, with, qua, by, with, quo, by, with,
from whomf from whom? from what ?
quds, whom? qu&s, whom? quae, whatf
(Vocative wanting)
quibus, by, quibus, by, quibus, by,
vrith,from with, from with, from
whomf whomf whatf
Note. — The Interrogative quis is mostly used substantively, viz.: quis? who? quae? who f quid? whatf
The Interrogative qui is mostly used adjectively , viz. : qtn vir? which man ? quae fdmina? which
woman ? quod oppidum? which town t
N.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
M.
N.
•liquid,
| some
quisquis, whoever
(Feminine
wanting)
quidquid, whatever
allqnod, ,
qtdsqne,
quicque, 1
each
quaeque,
quidque, /
(one of more
than two)
quicquam,
}«v£3b
( either
quidquam,
nterqoe,
atraque,
utrumque,
1 (of two)
-< both
1 (regarded
quiddam, 1
quoddam, j
► a certain
ambS,
ambae,
ambd, both
V severally)
(regarded as
a pair)
102
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EXERCISES WITH THE RELATIVE
A
1. Vir, qui agitator erat, est nunc ar&tor.
2. Vir, qui erat lector, est nunc litterator.
3. Frater suus, qui erat tutor, est nunc
doctor.
4. Dux eorum, qui erat Venator, est nunc
victor.
5. Eadem femina, quae erat venatrix, est nunc
victrix.
C
1. Puer, qui septem sorores habet, est felix.
2. Puella, quae quattuor fratres habet, est
misera.
3. Pupillus, qui duo avds habet, est indus-
trius.
4. Pupilla, quae duas avias habet, est
ignava.
B
1. He, who was an instructor, is now a pro-
fessor.
2. The man, who was a merchant, is now a
banker.
3. Her grandson, who was a builder, is now a
sculptor.
4. That boy, who was an idler, is now a
spy.
5. This woman, who was a faithful nurse, is
now a spy.
D
1. The boy, who was daring, is now more
prudent.
2. The girl, who was sad, is now very happy.
3. The son, who was industrious, is now very
lazy.
4. The instructor, who was ignorant, is now
rather wise.
EXERCISES WITH 1
E
1. Qui homo? Quae urbs? Quod oppi-
dum?
2. Cujus ager? Cujus silva? Cujus nego-
tium?
3. Quorum libri? Quarum voces? Quorum
verba?
4. Virgo, quae patria est tua?- Plaut .
G
1. Quis est qui? Quae erat virgo?
2. Quis te salutavit? Cujus fllius est?
3. Quid doctor dlcit? Quid non dixit?
4. Quis eum senator appellavit?-~Cz‘c.
5. Qui bus diSbus erat luna plSna?
EE INTERROGATIVE
F
1. What mountain? What maiden? What
song?
2. Whose horse? Whose house? Whose
temple?
3. Whose boys? Whose hands? Whose
names?
4. Sailors, what father-lands are yours?
H
1. Who is the man? Who was the girl?
2. Who is thy father? Thy mother?
3. Who was his brother?. Her sister?
4. Whose daughter is she? Whose grand-
mother?
5. My daughter, what hope is thine?
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THE NINE IRREGULAR PRONOUN ADJECTIVES
alios, another
Olios, any (at all)
Uter, which (of the two)
s51us, alone , only Onus, one
Sing.
M.
F.
N.
Nom.
alios
alia
aliud
Gen .
alterios
alterios
alterios
Dot.
alii
alii
alii
Ace.
alium
all am
aliod
Abl.
alid
alii
ali6
Sing.
M.
F.
N.
Nom.
uter
otra
utrom
Gen.
utrios
utrios
otrios
Dal.
utri
utri
utri
Acc.
utrom
utram
utrum
Abl.
utr6
utra
utro
alter, the other (one of two)
nOllos, none , no
neater, neither (of the two)
tdtus, whole
M.
F.
N.
alter
altera
alteram
alterius
alterios
alterius
alteri
alteri
alteri
alteram
alteram
alteram
alters
alteri
alterd
M.
F.
N.
tStus
tota
totum
totius
tdtias
totius
tSti
t6ti
tfiti
totum
totam
totum
toto
toti
tot®
Note. — The Nine Irregular Pronoun Adjectives have no Vocatives. Their Plurals are like bonus.
Exercises
M.
F.
N.
1. alius vir
alia femina
aliud animal
2. ali5 viro
alia femina
ali5 animal!
3. alter puer
altera puella
alteram carmen
4. alterius pueri
alterius puellae
alterius carminis
5. alii pueri
alii puellae
ali! carminl
6. ullus nauta
ulla malus
nullum caput
7. uter equus?
utra Insula?
neutram crus
8. solus Jupiter
sola virgo
totum mare
9. Ruri dum sum ego unos sex dies .-Phut. Unus post unum.
am
10. Vir unus totius Graeciae facile doctissimus Plato erat.-Cic.
11. Ego tu sum, tu es ego,
am art
unius animi sumus.-tP/auf.
wr are
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EXERCISES WITH PRONOUNS AND PRONOUN ADJECTIVES
A
1. Alius homo.
2. Alius nem d.-Cic.
3. Nemo alter -Plin.
4. Est alius quidam.
5. Alia omnia.
Note. — A lii, some alii, others.
Alter, the one alter, the other .
B
1. Mulier, qua mulier alia nulla est pulchrior.
(than ) wham
2. Aves alterius colons.
3. Ex ea die ad hanc diem .-Cic.
4. Alii equos, alii mul5s, alii boves, alii caprds,
alii porcos, alii oves et agnSs habent.
Note — Celsus, called the “Cicero of phys-
icians/ 1 left us eight books on Roman medicine;
enumerating the fevers, he uses aliae seventeen
times in one sentence.
C
1. Nemo est alterl similis.
2. PrimS die, alter© die, tertiS dig, deinde
reliquis diebus.-fCtc.
3. Alter ego. Alter Idem.
4. Amicus est tamquam alter idem.-Cic.
a* it were
D
1. Alteram ille amat sororem, ego alteram.
2. Duo homines ascenderunt, unus Pharisaeus
et alter publicanus.-Fw/^.
3. Alter alterius ova frangit.-Cic.
4. Alter semper magnus, alter saepe turpissi-
mus. -Cic.
E
1. Nulla alia in clvitate.
2. Null us alter, nullus unus- Plant.
3. Nonnulla pars populi.
Note. — N dnnUllus, not none = some.
¥
1. Nulla alia in clvitate ullum domicilium
liber tas habet.-Cic.
2. Nullus alter, nullus unus fellcior est.
3. Unus atque alter et mox plures.-Suci.
G
1. Utrum est melius?
2. Quid bonum est, quid malum, quid neutrum ?
3. Homo nulllus coldris -Prov.
H
1. Horum agnorum uter est pinguior?
2. Uter nostrum est popularis? Tune an ego?
3. Horum uter est Insanior?.
4. Nostrum uter est blandior?
5. In utram partem fluit flumen?
I
1. Solus inter omnes.
2. Sola sub rup e.-Verg.
3. Sola insula, mdns solus.
J
1. Rdmae, per totam urbem vigilias habuSrunt.
at Rome
2. Toto in orbe terrarum.-Lir.
3. TStum in eo est.-Cic.
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MURUS ET PORTA
PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, INTERJECTIONS
THE PANTHEON
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PREPOSITIONS
A Preposition is a word used to join other words, and also to show the relation between them.
26 Prepositions take the Accusative
ad, to
adversus, towards
adversum, against
ante, before
apud, near , at
circum, circa, round
circiter, about
cis, citra, this side of
oontri, opposite to
ergS, towards
extra, outside
infra, below
inter, between , among
intra, within
juxta, near
ob, on account of
penes, in the power of
per, through
propter \
post, p$ne, behind
praeter, beyond
prope, near
f near
[ on account of
secundum, next to
supra, above
tr&ns, across
ultra, on the farther side of
Exercises
A
Latin
1 . ad, to (a fixed point), (places), (opp. ab) 1 .
Ad portam, ad agrum, ad oppidum.
2. adversus, towards
Est enim pietas justitia adversus deos.-Cic.
3. adversum, against
Adversum leges. Adversum deos.
4. ante, before (object* at rest)
Ante oculos. Ante ora.
<5. apud, near, at (object* at rest), (persona) 5.
Apud eos. Apud te. Apud se.
43. circum, circa, round 6.
Circa flumina et lacus frequens nebula est.
7. circiter, about
Octavam circiter h5ram.
8. cis, citra, this side of 8.
Cis Tiberim. Citra mare.
9. contra, opposite, face to face , in front, eye to eye 9.
Contra Hispaniam. Templa contra nos. Opposite me. In front of him.
10. erga, towards, (of persona) 10.
Erga aliquem benevolus. Erga me. Towards men. Towards the king.
11. extra, outside (opp. intra) 11.
Aut intra muros aut extra. Outside the gate. Outside those regions.
109
B
English
To the gates, to the garden, to the temple.
Towards the mountains. Towards the sea.
Against mankind. Against the state.
Before the altar. Before my house.
Near her. Near him. Near whom.
Round the city. Round the island.
About noon. About twenty years.
This side of the Rhine. This side of the Alps.
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PREPOSITIONS
26 Prepositions take the Accusative
Exercises
A B
Latin English
12. infri, below
Infra caelum et sidera nox cadit.-7ac.
13. inter, between , among
Inter Padum atque Alpes.-Zir. Inter se.
Locus inter duos lucos -Liv. Inter nos.
14. intra, within
Intra annos XIV. Intra breve tempus .-Suet.
15. juxta, near (of place)
Totos dies juxta focum atque ignem agunt.
16. Ob, on account of, (against m composition)
Nec ob aliam causam ullam.
17. penes, in the jxru'er or possession of
Consul penes se est.
18. per, through , (or over, space or time)
Per totam urbem. Per eandem noctem.
19. post, pdne, after , behind (opp. ante)
Victor manus servl post tergum vinxit.
20. praeter, beyond, past
Praeter omnes homines alios.
21. prope, near, (in space and time)
Prope amnem. Prope lucem.
(day)/t?A/
22. propter, on account of, near
Propter Platonis statuam. Propter quod.
23. secundum, next to, after , (in space and time)
Secundum patrem hie est proximus.
24. supra, above, (of place and time)
Supra eum locum. Supra duos menses.
25. trans, across
Trans flilmen. Trans Euphratem.
20. ultra, on the farther side of
Cis Padum ultraque.
12 .
Below the town. Below the Moon.
13.
A valley between two mountains.
Between two seas is Asia.
14.
Within 20 days. Within themselves.
15.
Near the Rhine. Near the palace.
16.
On account of that very thing.
17.
The books are in the possession of a scribe.
18.
Through all the streets. Through the win-
ter.
19.
Behind me. Behind us. One after another.
20 .
Beyond which. Beyond all other things.
21 .
Near the town. Near midday.
22 .
Islands near Sicily. On account of that
very cause.
23.
After you. After us. After this day.
24.
Above his head. Above 4000 men.
25.
Across the sea. Across the Alps.
26.
What country is on the farther side of the
Danube?
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PREPOSITIONS
8 Prepositions Take the Ablative
i, ab, abs, from
c5ram, in presence of
com, with
d§, down, from
ex, e, out of
{ in front of
at the head of
pro, before
sine, without
4 Prepositions take either the Accusative or
Ablative
in, into, (motion to) Aoc.
in, in, (rest in) Abl.
SUb, Under, {.under which a thing moves) Acc.
SUb, Ullder , {under which a thing rests) Abl.
subter, beneath
{ Over , (situation) 1
above, (position) /
about, (reference) Abl. •
A
Latin
1 . ab, S, abs, from (a fixed point) (opp. ad)
Ab urbe, a me. Calor est a sole.
2. coram, in the presence of
Coram omnibus, coram judicibus.
Exercises
B
English
1 .
From the sea, from us. From the 8th day.
In the presence of the people, in the presence
of her.
3. CUm, with, (opp. sine)
Cicero cum Pansa vixit in Pompejano.
4. de, down from, from, of, (midway between ab and ex)
A classe, de muro, ex equo.
(The Romans got down from a brd or chair, « arose)
5. ex, e, out of, (opp. in)
Ex urbe, ex Africa, e curru desilit.
6. prae, at the fore, in front of, at the head of
Ille prae se gladium habet.
7. pr5, before
Pro rostris, pr5 templis, pro muro.
8. sine, without
Non sine magna spe, sine fine.
3.
With the first light, with a very loud voice.
4.
Down from the sky, down from a mountain,
down from the temple.
5 .
Out of Spain, out of Asia. Out of the whole
number.
6 .
In front of me, in front of himself.
7.
Before the gates of the city, before thy feet.
8 .
The city is without kings, without a name.
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CONJUNCTIONS
A Conjunction is a word used to connect single words, or phrases, or whole sentences.
-et, -que, and
atque, (*c before consonants only), and , and also
et et, -que -que, both and
cum .... turn, not only .... but also
aut. . . .aut, either . . . .or
nec nec, neque neque, neither
. . . .nor
tamen nevertheless, yet
sed (begins a clause), .... 1
autem (after one or more words) )
nam (begins a clause.-Cic.
enim (after one or two words)
but
!
rords) )
for
quia, quod, became
quamquam, although
si, if
nisi, unless
erg5,
itaque, and so, accordingly,
therefore
igitUT, (after one or two words usually), j
ndnne . . . ? whether . . . not f (Answer Y es expected)
-ne . . . . ? whether or not? (Asking information)
num . . . . ? whether f (Answer No expected)
Sentences
A
1. Vir et audax et malus fuit.
2. Locus is est melior, quern et non coquit sol
et tangit ros -Varr.
S. Plus plusque. Magis magisque. Minus
minusque. Me meosque.
4. Longe lateque. Terra marique. Tempus
locusque. Jus fasque est.
5. Noctesque diesque. Meque teque.
b. Insulae multae atque magnae positae in
Aegaeo marl sunt.
7. Dl vim suam longe atque late diffundunt.
8. Mus sub terrls posuitque domos atque
horrea fecit.- Very.
9. Haec atque ilia dies atque alia atque alia
transeunt.
10. Pariter patribus ac plebl carus fuit -Liv.
11. Luxuries cum omnl aetatl turpis turn
senectuti foedissima est .-Cic.
12. Terra aut sil vis horrida aut paludibus foeda.
13. Sed tamen vincit ipsa natura saepe rati5-
nem.-C?c.
14. Erat autem in puero summa sua vitas.
B
1. Urbs, quia postrema aedificata est,
Neapolis nominatur.-Cic. u buiU
Naples is named
2. Nocte ambulabat, quod somnum cape re
used to walk to get
non posset.-Ctc.
was able
3. Medici quamquam intelligunt saepe, tamen
numquam aegris dlcunt .-Cic.
4. Si haec clvitas est, clvis sum; si non,
exsul sum.-fCic. /om
5. Llbertas, si aequa non est, ne* llbertas
quidem est.-Cic.
6. Memoria minuitur nisi earn exerceas .-Cic.
is lessened you exercise
7. Negat haec filiam me suam esse; non
to be
erg5 haec mater mea est. -Plant.
8. Itaque aer et ignis et aqua et terra prlma
sunt.-Cic.
9. Nihil obstat, ergo omnia prospere, igitur
beate movent.-Crc.
10. In qud igitur loco estl-Cic.
11. Quaero nonne id efTecerit?-Cfc.
I inquire he has accomplished
12. Quaero effeceritne id?
13. Quaero num id effecerit?
* Note. — T he combination ne quidexn = not
even.
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INTERJECTIONS
The Interjection is a word of Exclamation. It mostly shows surprise or strong feeling. The
Romans had about 40 Interjections, which had originated mostly in imitation of natural sounds
heard all about them.
O! Oh! 0! Oh! Expressing joy, grief, pain, surprise
i5! ho! yo ho! Joy
ohe! ho there! stop!
oho! 1 , , , .
. . . > oho! aha! Joy, surprise
ohoho! J
heUS ! holloa there! Used to call attention
|» ah! alas ! Pain or grief
Sheu!
eho! SO ho! Scolding
taxtax! whack! whack! {^uK'biowB
ahem! ahem! joyful surprise
hui! hah! P W{i£Sr*
ecce! lo! behold! Emphasis
ha ha hae! ha! ha! ha! Laughter
St! hist! hush! hark! .aid with fisger to mouth
phu! fie! 1
_ , , -V Wonder, disgust
phy! bosh! J
sddes! prithee ! colloquial
edepol! indeed!
Sentences
A
1. O vir fortis! O pater bone et benigne!
2. O ego ter felix!-0r.
3. O soror, o conjux, o femina s5la superstes!
4. O hominem nequam!
5. O faciem pulchram!
6. Oh, probus homo sum!-P/auf.
7 am
7. Id, io, liber ad te veni ol-Plin.
I come
8. Io hymen hymenaee, id hymen Plant.
Hymen O Hymen (* god of marriage)
9. Ohe jam satis est, ohe jam desine!- Hor,
desist!
10. Heus vos, puerl, quid istlc agit is Plant,
are you doing
11. Heu me, per urbem fabula quanta ful l-Hor.
joke t cos I
12. Heu me miserum!
13. Eheu, quid volui miserd mihil-JVr^.
have I wished
14. Eheu, quam ego nunc displiceo mihi!-7Vr.
do I displease
15. Eho puer, curre ad Bacchidem!-7er.
run B ace his
16. Eho ml bone vir, quid ais!-7Vr.
say est thou
17. Ehem, ml pater, tu hlc eras!- Ter.
18. Hui tardus est!
19. Hui quam diu de nugis dieis?-C7c.
are you going to talk
B
1. Ecce me! Ecce nos!
2. Ecce Palaemon qul venit!- V erg.
3. Ecce ad me advenit mulier!
4. Ecce me, qul id facio nobis!- Ter .
7 am doing
5. Ille me non videt, attat ecce ipsum!- Plant.
6. Attat, peril Hercle ego miser \- Plant.
I am lost by Hercules
7. St! st! Tacete! Quid hoc clamoris!
be ye still
8. St! Tace atque abl!-P/aw/.
Be thou stiU go away
9. St! Tace, tace, meus hie est homd!-P/aid.
10. Phu, 1 in malam crucem Plant.
g°
11. Die, sddes, mihi!
tell
12. Da mihi hoc sddes!
give
13. Redde mihi sddes decern sestertia \-Cat.
give back sesterces
14. Die mihi, sddes, quis ea est, quam vis
ducere uxorem !- f Plant, ^ wi * h
to lead (aa)
15. Certe edepol scid!
7 know
1 6. Credo edepol equidem dormire solem !
7 trust verily to sleep
17. Ilia edepol memorari possunt!-P/aid.
to be remembered are able
18. Heu, edepol ne ego homo vivo miser!
7 live
19. Taxtax tergd meo erit! Non curol- PlaiU.
will it be I care
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VOCABULARY— CHILD-LIFE
illfgns, -fastis, C. an infant
in-fans, not-speaking
inf antis, ae, F. infancy
puer, eri, on*. C. a child
f for boys
pueritia, ae, F. childhood \ j 1 0 7^ tin 17 ye *"’
l usually till 14 yeara
dies luatricus, Christening Day f (he atTcUy,
(sacrifice of purification ] for girls
and giving praenomen) ( the 8th day
bulla aurea, the golden locket
(hung on by the father, on Christening Day,
as a charm against the evil eye)
fascinitiS, 5nis, F. the bewitching (of the evil eye)
ludus, i, M. play
pila, ae, F. a ball
turbo, inis, M. a top
verber, eris, N. a whip (to whip the top)
grallae, Arum, F. stilts
miter, tris, F. the mother
(who took full care of the child)
nbtriz, ids, F. a nurse
(a slave, very rarely employed)
basiorn, ii, N. a kiss
cftaae, 1mm, F. i ,,
ciin&bala, 5mm, N. I the ^
lectica, ae, F. the coach
(carried by two slaves)
crepundia, drum, N. playthings , toys
crepiticulum, i, N. a rattle
lQnula, ae, F. a little moon t (a trinket)
dSliciae, arum, F. a darling , a pet
pQpa, ae, F. a doll
trochus, i, M. Gr. a hoop
GAMES
The little children of earliest Rome loved play. Knuckle bones , TftH, of sheep and goats, served for
“jackstones.” Tossing up five at once, she who caught most on the back of her hand was winner.
Blindman’s Buff was popular then. And in the dusk of evenings the cover of twilight added greatly
to the fun of Hide and Seek. When tired of romping, a long board or straight pole, balancing over some
old log, afforded a splendid See-saw. Calculi, pebbles , and nucfts, nuts, made good marbles. These also
took the place of Checkers, indoors, on stormy days.
Sentences
. A
1. Puella parva pupam suam amat.
2. Puer parvus turbinem suum amat.
3. Omnes turbines verbera sua habuerunt.
4. Trochus erat ferreus circulus cum anulis
circumpositus.
set round
5. Pueri pauc! grallas etiam habuerunt.
6. Bulla est Insigne, quod a pueris Romanis de
badge
collo ante pectus loro suspensum gestabatur,
wo* worn
signum ingenuitatis et fortunae.
token of free birth
7. Tempore sumendae togae virilis bullam una
of taking
cum toga praetexta deponebant et Laribus
they need to put away
donabant, slcut puellae Veneri pupas suas.
used to present
8. Llbertinl bullam scorteam ex loreo nod5
Freedmen's eons leather (made of) a thong
pendentem habebant.
used to hare
9. Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat
I know not bewitches
agnos .-Verg.
B
1. Mater erat saepissime mStor cunarum.
2. Inter crepundia puerorum etiam crepit Ji-
dda erant.
3. Strepitus crepitaculorum infantium est
non molestus.
4. Lunulae Infantibus ornamenta sunt similes
lunae.
5. Crepundia solebant esse anull, Snsiculi,
used to be finger-ring » little swords
securiculae, maniculae, bullae, siculae et
little axes little hands little daggers
cetera.
other things
6. His etiam crotala, sistra, cymbala,
castanets Egyptian rattles cymbals
tympana, addunt.
drums
7. Da mihi basia mill e.-Cat.
give
8. Curarum (est) maxima nutrix nox.-Or.
9. Aves cunabula in terra faciunt.-Crr^.
10. Mons Idaeus prima sedSs, origS, et gentis
Ida
cunabula nostrae fuit.
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THE ROMAN SCHOOL
l«du, I M. ) 2 ; “ IM
_ „ f 1. o shop
pergola, ae, F. J 2 thg scAoo/ . w< , ( fr***-*
litterator, 8ris, M. the teacher (of 3 R’s)
paedagSgos, I, M. Gr. the pedagogue,
children to school and everywhere out of doors)
c&psa, ae, F. a hook-satchel
c&psarius, ii, M. ) the satchel-carrier ,
pedisequus, I, M. j (following their footsteps)
ferula, ae, F. the rod
abacas, i, M. the counting-board,
(covered with sand or dust)
calculus, i, M. a pebble
(for the counting-board)
tabula, ae, F. a writing-tablet ,
(wood covered with wax)
stilus, I, M. a style (of iron mostly),
(for writing on wax tablets)
liber, bri, M. the book
lecti5, $ni8, F. reading
scriptib, bnis, F. writing
arithmetics, ae, F. Gr. numbers
The Abacus
ii
The number above is 435271.
To add numbers, new pebbles were laid in their proper sec-
tions and the whole then reckoned. >
To subtract, pebbles were thus removed.)
To borrow ten, one pebble was taken from the Tens section,
and ten single pebbles placed in the Units section.
To carry ten, ten pebbles were taken from a lower, and one
pebble placed in the next higher section.
Numerous calculations were performed.
To the father belonged properly the education of the Roman boy, to the mother that of the girl.
Since the father was usually a very busy man, he had little time to spare; besides he frequently found
among his slaves some faithful patient fellow, a better scholar even than himself. The sons of neighboring
friends were invited, and soon a school grew up, and a pergula was rented.
The fee of the teacher was $3 a year. Little presents besides often came from the boys them-
selves, especially at Holiday seasons.
The Doys brought candles, beginning their school-day before daylight, as they must take a very long
“noon” for luncheon and siesta in that very hot climate, returning late for the afternoon session. Gener-
ally they hated their teachers, because the whole process of reading, chiefly by memory, and of counting,
chiefly with the fingers, was so very hard. Hard for teacher, and hard for pupil, so thaJt little love could
thrive between them. However, the boys mostly loved the faithful pedagogue, .who led them to school,
waited patiently outside all day, then carefully guarded them from the many perils of the crowded streets
goinghome. They remembered him affectionately long years after.
The master, having the only book, read aloud, the boys repeatingin sing-song tone syllable by syllable,
word by word, line by hne, all in concert and audible squares away. The rod was ever ready for the unruly.
Prizes awaited the diligent. Nundinae, market-days , every ninth day, and the great religious festivals,
gave the schools numerous holidays. Some boys too could go to the country for the dog-days, when their
fathers had a villa. These were fortunate indeed.
Sentences
A
1. In ludum Ir e -Plant.
to go
2. Litterator pueros in pergula docet.
3. Litterator puerls ignorantiam eximit.
ignorance takes away
4. (Paedagogus) proprie custos (puerls) est
vitae et morum.-Semr.
5. Paedagdgus malus est stupidus servus, qui
caecd est pro baculo; similiter atque
to the blind in place of a staff
. puerum hue et illuc manu ducit.
B
1. Capsarius tabulas filio dlvitis in capsa
porta vit.
2. Ferula instrumentum disciplinae fuit.
3. Puerl calculos in abaco numerant. Magis-
ter pueros lectionem per memoriam sine
libris docet.
4. Scriptionem auxilid manus suae posit ae in
manum puerl docet.
5. Arithmeticam auxilid digitorum pueroium
mirabiliter docet.
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VOCABULARY— TIME
tempos, oris, N. time
saeculum, I, N. a generation, an age (- 33 years)
aeternitas, itis, F. eternity , (time past and future)
aetas, itis, F. a lifetime
aestas, itis, F. summer
ver, veris, N. spring
aotomnos, i, M. autumn , (Sept. 22-Dec. 22)
hiems, hiemis, F. winter
annas, i, M. a year
mensis, is, M. a month
Note. — The earliest Roman peasant-farmers knew only three divisions for the day, m&ne, meridifcs,
vesper, morning , noon, evening. Soon forenoon and afternoon came into use. Through nearly 500 years no
one had watch or clock of any kind. Then about 275 B. C. the sun-dial was borrowed from the Greeks,
who had found it in Babylon. It was a bad time-piece; but still it was kept in use, set up in the Forum
behind the Rostra, for 99 years, when a better one was placed beside it. Rich Romans began to have sun-
dials at home with a slave to watch and tell the hours to the master. Augustus erected an obelisk as a
town clock in the great Campus Martius, to give the time of day to the public by the shadow of the sun
upon the ground. j
The sun-dial with its eleven lines failed on cloudy days, so the Clepsydra was also brought from Greece
to tell the hours. But they were of the same length winter and summer. Finally the slave was taught
how to close the orifice partly, so that the water would steal away slower, and make the hours in summer
longer; because the hours in midsummer w’ere about 75 minutes, in midwinter about 44, and only at the
equinoxes were they 60 minutes long.
The clepsydra, resembling somewhat our sand-glass, was made of glass, and was used to time the speakers
in court and Forum.
The Romans finally adopted for constant use in civil life the camp-custom of 12 hours for the day
and 4 watches for the night. The Hebrews had 3 w'atches only.
The Romans were early risers. Having poor lights, they naturally retired early. Their day’s work
was from sun to sun, using daylight. But they were more apt to begin before light than to work after
dark. At sun-rise boys went to school and men went to work. After the noon-day lunch a siesta was in
order, especially in the hot days of the long summers of Italy. It w r as almost universally enjoyed.
116
dies, difi, {|S; a
hora, ae, F. an hour, time ,rom miukt *°
nox, noctis, F. night
vigilia, ae, F. a watch, time ,rom * u “ et
meridies, Si, M. noon
(medius-dlls)
aur5ra, ae, F. the dawn , daybreak
mane, indeci. N. (old aw. mini), morning
vesper, eris and eri, M. evening
horologium, ii, N. a dock JSStf 0 *
clepsydra, ae, F. a water-clock, ( *^ *° our “ nd *
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SENTENCES— TIME
A
1. Tempus quidem generaliter definire diffi-
cile est.-fCic. to define
2. Tempus esse dlcunt intervallum mundi
to be they my
motus -Varr
3. Tempus est pars quaedam aeternitatis.
4. Tempus generate, quia nec initium nec
finem habet, aeternitas est.
5. Nunc corpora curare tempus est.-Liv.
to take care of
6. Jam tempus est agl res.
to be done
7. Erat hlbernum tempus annl -Caes.
8. Tempore paret equus habenls.-Or. y
obeys the reins
9. Versus fundere ex tempore.
to pour (forth)
10. (Ilusticus) serit arbores quae alter! saeculd
plants which to another
prosint.- f Caecil.
may be for (good)
11. Cato rud! saeculS litteras Graecas didicit.
learned
12. Confer nostram longissimam aetatem cum
compare
aeternitate.-C ic.
13. Arabes campos et montes hieme et aestate
(peragran t ) . -Cic.
wander over
14. (Formica) parat in aestate cibum sibi.
15. Aestatem autumnus sequitur, postea acris
hiems fit.-fE/m. follows
comes
16. Dies primus est veris in Aquario, aestatis
in Tauro, autumn! in Leone, hiemis in
Scorpione.- Varr.
17. In h!s locis maturae sunt hiemes. -Caes.
18. Nemo est tarn senex, qu! se annum non
putet posse viver e.-Cic.
may think to be able to lice
B
1. Dies est, nox n5n est; s5l est super terram,
dies est .-Quint.
2. Homines, qu! ex media nocte ad proximam
mediam noctem in his horis XXIV
nati sunt, una die nati dicuntur.- 1 'arr.
have been born (as) born are spoken of
3. (Themistocles) diem noctemque procul ab
insula in salo navem tenuit in ancoris.
4. Qu! (scrupulus) virum dies noctesque
what
stimula t?-Cfc.
5. H5ras tres 5rator dicit.
6. Non amplius quam septem h5ras infans
mare
dormiebat.
was sleeping
7. H5ra quota est?
8. Nuntiat horas.
9. Milo media nocte in campum venit:
permansit ad meridiem. -Cic. rame
staid
10. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles.
used to walk
11. Nox in quattuor vigilias dividitur,
is divided
quae singulae trium horiirum spatio
supputantur.- Ilier.
are computed
12. Cum puer tuus ad me secunda fere vigilia
venisset.-Cic.
had come
13. Optima die! pars est mane.
14. Litteras multo mane mihi dedit.-Cic.
early he gate
15. Jam die! vesper erat.
16. Clepsydra horas aqua dimetitur; id est
measures
vas vitreum, in cujus funds foramen est
guttatiin aquam distillaas.
drop by drop trickling
17. In hac causa mihi aqua haeret. -Cic.
stops (= I am at a loss)
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VOCABULARY — THE HEAVENS
la err&ns, )
y a planet , (» wandering star)
les, etis, M. Gr. J
Sol, Sdlis, M. The Sun
Lftna, ae, F. The Moon
Stella, ae, F. a star
Stella err&ns,
planes,
cometes, ae, M. Gr. a comet , (a long-haired star)
sidn8, eris, N. a constellation , (a group of sure)
arcus caelestis, the rainbow, (the heavenly bow)
f ulgur, uris, N. sheet lightning
fulmen, inis, N. bolt lightning , (a thunderbolt)
tonitnu, Qs, M. thunder
f Vulcan,
Volcfinus, i, M. ^ (The FireM|od . the smith who wrought
septentri5nS8. am,
, M.j
The Seven Stars,
The Great Bear,
The North
oriSns,
l/t ( Mid-day, Noon
mendiSs, fii, M.i „
{ The South
\ the rising (win).
The East
\ the setting (sun).
The West
( weather , (good or bad)
( a storm, (a tempest)
Aurdra, ae, F. Gr. The Dawn
Lucifer, eri, M. The Morning Star 1 The
> planet
Hesperus, i, M. Gr. The Evening Star J Venus
b, tte, M.|*
ocddins, tis, M. j ‘
tempestas, atis, F. -
Sentences
A
1. Quid potest esse sole majusT-Ctc.
is able to be (than)
2. Qu! solem suum orlri facit super bonds et
to rise makes
maids.- Vulg. Matt.
3. Sol semper hie est a man! ad vesperum.
4. Clarior quam solis radii.
5. (German!) deorum numero ducunt Solem
consider
et Volcanum et Lunam.-CW.
6. Arcus caelestis in caelo micat; pulchrior
est quam omnia sldera. oioams
7. Juppiter terram, mare, sldera movet.-Ov.
8. Arcum meum ponam in nubibus.
I will put
9. Jupiter fulmen de caelo mittit.
10. Tonitru et fulgure terruit orbem.-Ou.
he terrified
11. Feriunt summos fulgura montes.- ffor.
strike
12. Tonitrus auribus terribilis est. Caelum
tonitru tremescit.
trembles
13. Aurora novo cum spargit lumine terras.
sprinkles
14. Infima qulnque errantium stellarum ter-
raeque proxima est Luna.
15. Stella Veneris, quae 4>c*)(T<^6po$ Graece,
Latlne dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur
is called it goes before
solem, cum subsequitur autem, Hesperus.
it follows after
16. Lucifer diem ducit, Hesperus noctem.
B
1. (Belgae) spectant in septentrionem et
slope
orientem solem.-Cae*.
2. Inflectens sol cursum turn ad septen-
now
trionds, turn ad meridiem, aestates et
now
hiemes effici t.-Cic.
causes
3. Tempestas (horrida) sine more furit .-Verg.
parallel rages
4. Quern neque pericull tempestas neque
honoris aura potuit umquam de suo
cursu aut spe aut metu demovere.-Ctc.
to more away
5. Rem tradit ventls.
he casts
6. Vent! ruunt et terras turbine perflant.
rush out blow over
7. Pldna luna laborat quod ea defecit.
labors has failed (■ has
been eclipsed)
8. Stellae sunt Jo vis ocull; oinnes homines
vident.
see
9. Tiberis flumen in occidentem fluit.
flows
10. Micat inter omnes Julium sldus, velut
gleams * of Julius
inter ignes luna minores.-tf or.
11. Cicero planetas vocat Stellas errantes,
quia errare videantur, cum idem semper
to wander they seem
spatiuin servent sidera cetera.
preserve the other
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VOCABULARY— THE UNIVERSE
Mundus.i.M.f 7 ’^ Univerae
neatness, order j x6<J[lO<Z
tempos, oris, N. time
Chaos, (AbL Chao), N. Space , (boundless, empty)
stomas, i, F. Gr. an atom, P* rticle 01
the uncut, the indivisible
mdtas, fis, M. Motion
nitura, ae, F. Nature , (the operative principle)
ars, artis, F. art , (the creative principle)
{ wind ,
breath ,
Life , (physical)
animus, i, M. W =
caelum, i, N. the sky
Olympus, i, M. Gr. Mt. Olympus
Heaven ,
(the abode of
the gods only)
THE FIVE ELEMENTS
elementum, i, N. An Element
terra, ae, F. Earth .
aqua, ae, F. Water
ier, Seris, M. Air
ignis, is, (Abi. igni), M. Fire
Quinta Essentia ) „ ,
w \ Ether
aether, eris, M. j
THE FOUR QUALITIES
frigidus, a, um, cold
fervidus, a, um, hot
iridus, a, um, dry
fimidus, a, um, wet
Sentences
A
1. Est enim mundus quasi communis deo-
rum atque hominum domus, aut urbs
utrorumque. — Cic.
of both
2. Tempus esse dicunt intervallum mundi
to be
motus ; id dlvlsum in partes aliquot est,
maximS ab solis et lunae cursu -Varr.
3. Animus est, qu5 sapimus, anima, qua
by which we are wise by which
\lvim\is -Non.
we hate life
4. Frons est animi janua.-Q. Cic .
5. Anima omnis camis in sanguine est -Vidg.
6. Mihi vero omne tempus est ad meos libros
to me
vacuum .-Cic.
7. Deus motum dedit cael5.
gave
8. Pherecydes primus dixit animds esse
Pherecyde* declared to be
hominum sempiternos.-Cic.
9. Cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum
ha* pone out
quasi domum suam venerit.-Cic.
ha s come
10. Regnum meum non est de hoc mundd.
11. Caelum dicunt GraecI Olympum montem
call Olympus
in Macedonia omnes.- Varr.
Macedonia
12. Cicero ipse de aetemitate animorum cogitat
et aperte dlcit. think *
speak*
B
1. Elementa sunt quattuor, terra, aqua, Ser,
et ignis; potestates pares his sunt, frigida,
fervida, arida, et umida.-Ctc.
2. Terra est frigida et arida.
Aqua est frigida et umida.
Aer est fervidus et umidus.
Ignis est fervidus et aridus.
3. Itaque aer et ignis et aqua et terra
prima sunt.-Cic.
the first (thincs)
4. Terra est elementum frlgidum et siccum,
quod quoniam reliqua omnia gravitate
which since now
exsuperat, Infimum sibi inter ea locum
it had surpassed for itself them
vindicavit.
has claimed
5. Terra locata in media est sed§s mundi,
solida et globosa, et vestita floribus, herbis,
clothed
arboribus, et frugibus.-fCic.
6. Aristoteles quintam quandam na til ram
Aristotle a certain
censet esse, e qua sit mens.
thinks there is may be
7. Cicero est auctor verb! essentia.
8. Quid si nunc caelum ruat?-Proe.
fall
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THE ROMAN IDEA 07 CREATION
The aborigines in the wilds of Italy had borrowed from the Greeks the letters of their Alpha-
bet to make the Latin Language. Centuries later, civilization awakening, scholars of Italy, in
burning curiosity to know the reasons and causes of things around them, again were forced to
borrow from the Greeks as the most learned people of the World, and this time it was the First
Principles of Philosophy they got.
When Xerxes the Great led from the East over his bridge of boats across the Dardanelles
his vast army of many nations, 2,317,610 men, with slaves and camp-followers of equal number,
as history tells, to conquer the rebellious little city of Athens, the Wise Men of the East came
along. Soon this great host fled away homeward after their terrible defeat at Salamis, but the
Wise Men remained to teach the Greeks.
The busy minds of the Greeks now quickly invented the so-called Atomic Theory. This
tells that the Universe is composed of Chaos, empty space , and of Atoms, countless and infinite.
Those of the mind or soul were round, fiery atoms. Then came a Philosopher who proved that
space was not empty; space contained air, which, confined in bladders, was a real substance.
There was, he taught, one great Mind or Soul, which brought the riotous atoms to order, then
governed and created all things: all this was the doctrine of Anaxagoras.
Socrates.
Socrates, one of his pupils, declared he had been called by Heaven to be a teacher of wisdom
and virtue. He strove to awaken in the minds of the young a love of wisdom, (i. e. f goodness).
His hearers found their tears pouring down as he talked ; his siren voice being, they said, “like the
voice of a God.” He first taught that the proper study of mankind is man. That God not
only is creator and ruler of the Universe of atoms, but that he guides and guards the lives of
obedient men. Socrates is usually reckoned the “most perfect man of all antiquity.” Socrates
taught about 30 years at Athens and died 399 B. C., aged 70.
Plato.
One day a father led to Socrates his son, a youth of 20 years, surnamed Plato, on account
of the broadness of his forehead; descended through his mother from Solon the great law-giver,
the Moses of Athens. Plato listened to the teachings of Socrates for 9 years. Then, after
traveling widely, he returned and opened in Athens a School called the Academy, (near the grove
of Academus). Therein he taught all branches. He taught that there was One Supreme
God, the Cause of all things, and that the human soul is immortal, and that men can rise in
wisdom and virtue only by bringing their minds near to God, forgetting the love of gain, and the
love of power. “No other philosopher has contributed so much toward the moral and intel-
lectual culture of the human race.” Men and women of the finest families of all Greece attended
his school. Plato taught nearly 50 years at Athens and died 347 B. C., aged 80.
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THE ROMAN IDEA OF CREATION
Aristotle.
Aristotle at 17 also came to school at Athens. He staid 20 years. He was Plato's favorite,
who used to call him the “Intellect” of his school. Then he was invited to become the teacher
of Alexander the Great. For 6 years’ instruction a salary of $800,000, besides gifts of great
value, were his reward. Returning to Athens, Aristotle opened a school called the Lyceum
in a garden with shady or covered walks attached to the temple of Apollo Lyceius.
His nature was so active and restless, that he gave his lectures walking to and fro , hence his
school was often styled the “peripatetic” school.
He had upon his roll many very distinguished men of Greece. His books have been valued
and diligently studied throughout Europe and Asia for 2000 years since. The “father of Logic,”
the “founder of the science of Natural History,” a great mathematician, writer and thinker,
his intellect is today rated to be the greatest the world has yet known.
Aristotle taught 13 years at Athens and died 322 B. C., aged 62.
Promising sons of wealthy Roman families for many generations went from Rome to the
schools of Athens to learn the teachings of Aristotle. Cicero went. He learned to speak
Greek fluently, also Greek poetry and philosophy.
The Romans borrowed the Greek theory of the Universe, having no explanation of their own.
Plato had taught that fire atoms were little pyramids having corners, earth atoms were
cubes. All have hooks to cohere and make things.
Aristotle, with his great broad mind, had plotted the whole Universe. Earth, a globe, it
was plain from Eclipses, a solid heavy globe, 50,000 miles around, was the stationary centre of
the Universe. Around it, 1st was a layer of Water, filling all its rivers, seas, and oceans, water
being next heavy to earth; 2d was a great thick layer or hollow sphere of Air, being next heavy to
water; 3d was another hollow sphere of invisible Fire, the lightest of all. These elements had
up and down motion, towards the centre and away from the centre of the Earth: and this fact
was plain, because all things let fall had motion down; but smoke and steam, two kinds of air,
had motion up.
Outside the four elements was a 5th layer, Quinta Essentia, or Ether. Earth with its three
surrounding layers of Water, Air and Fire, like the coats of an onion, was the stationary centre.
Around them all Ether full of stars revolved. This was plain because the stars were seen to rise
and set, to go over the Earth every night. The vault of Highest Heaven moved continually
in a circle around the Earth. Between Ether and the layer of Fire is the Lowest Heaven, wherein
the five planets, stell&e err&ntes, wandering stars , also Sun and Moon, were seen to roll in the
opposite direction to the stars above them. They did not spin, because the Moon always
showed the same face. They rolled on forever.
Ether was the substance out of which were created the Heavenly Bodies, the Gods, the Soul
of Man. The atoms of Ether cling together with their little hooks or fly apart through the
powers of Love and Hate, which influence men.
Such were the theories of the Grecian philosophers. There were more than twenty of these
wise men, who spent their lives traveling in the East, or in thinking, teaching and writing books
at home. They toiled faithfully for us through the black darkness of ignorance, and the people
of today enjoy the light of knowledge dawning after their long night of toil.
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THE VERB
A Verb is a word which asserts or declares some action or being.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
Indicative Mood. Present .Tense
1st (i)
Sing.
2d (8)
Sing.
1. amo, I love
1. moned, I advise
( thou lowest
2. am&s^
(you love
_ f thou advisest
2. monSs^
( you advise
3. amat, he loves
3. monet, he advises
Pin r.
Plur.
1. amimus, we hue
1. monemus, we advise
2. am&tis, you love
2. mondtis, you advise
3. amant, they love
3. monent, they advise
3d (6)
Sing.
4th (I)
Sing.
1. rego, I rule
1. audid, I hear
( thou rulest
2. regis <
(you rule
m ( thou hearest
2. andis <
(you hear
3. regit, he rules
3. audit, he hears
Plur.
Plur
1. regimus, we rule
1. audimus, we hear
2. regitis, you rule
2. auditis, you hear
3. regunt, they rule
3. audiunt, they hear
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THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
Sinf.
1. amivi
Indicative Mood. Perfect Tense
1st (I) 2d (S)
{;
I have loved
loved
Sinf.
1. monui
I have advised
{ / have
1 advised
2 . amavisti
{ thou hast loved
you have loved
2. monuisti
{ thou hast advised
you have advised
3. amivit, he has loved
3. monuit, he has advised
Plur.
1. amivimus, we have loved
Plur.
1. monuimus, we have advised
2. amavistis, you have loved
2. monuistis, you have advised
3. am&verunt, they have loved
3. monuinmt, they have advised
3d (4)
Sinf.
1. read
7 have ruled
ruled
4th (I)
Sing,
1. aadnri
have heard
heard
_ . f thou hast ruled
2. reosti]
l you have ruled
2. audivisti
{ thou hast heard
you have heard
3. readt, he has ruled
3. audivit, he has heard
Plur.
1. reximus, we have ruled
Plur.
1. audivimus, we have heard
2. rexistis, you have ruled
2. audiTistU, you have heard
3. rexSrunt, they have ruled
3. audivenxnt, they have heard
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KEY or ANCIENT AUTHORS
The Golden Age covers the lives of Cicero and Ovid.
The Silver Age covers the Authors from the death of Augustus (14 a. d.) to the death of Hadrian
(138 a. d.).
Naev. = Cn. Naevius (264?-199? b. c.), Poet. Founder of Roman Literature.
Plaut = T. Maccius Plautus (254-184 b. c.), Writer of Comedy. Great Roman Comic Dramatist.
Enn. = Q. Ennius (239-169 b. c.), Ancient Roman Poet.
Ter. = P. Terentius Afer (195-159 b. c.), Writer of Comedy.
Pac. = M. Pacuvius (220-130 b. c.), Writer of Tragedy.
Lucil. = C. Lucilius (180-103 b. c.), Earliest Roman Satirist.
Golden Age
Lucr. = T. Lucretius Cams (98-55 b. c.), Poet and Philosopher.
Cat. = C. Valerius Catullus (ob. 54 b. c.), Poet.
Caes. = Caius Julius Caesar (102-44 b. c.), Soldier, Statesman, Historian.
Hirt. = Aulus Hirtius (ob. 44 b. c.), Historian.
Nep. = Cornelius Nepos (fl. 44 b. c.), Biographer.
Cic. = Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 b. c.), Orator, Philosopher, Politician.
Q. Cic.= Quintus Tullius Cicero (100-43 b. c.), Brother of the Orator.
Sall. = C. Sallustius Crispus (ob. 35 b. c.), Historian.
Var. = M. Terentius Varro (116-27 b. c.), Polymath, Writer on Husbandry.
Verg. = P. Vergilius Maro (70-19 b. c.), Poet.
Vitr. = Vitmvius Pollio (fl. 10 b. c.), Writer on Architecture.
Hor. = Quintus Horatius Flaccus (6.5-8 b. c.), Poet.
Liv. = Titus Livius (59 b. C.-17 a. d.), Historian.
Ov. = P. Ovidius Naso (43 b. c.-17 a. d.), Poet.
Silver Age
Cels.=Aurel. Cornelius Celsus (fl. 50 a. d.), Physician.
Pers. = Aulus Persius Flaccus (ob. 62 a. d.), Satirist.
Sen. = L. Annaeus Seneca (3 b. c.-65 a. d.), Philosopher and Tragedian.
Plin. = C. Plinius Secundus (major) (23-79 a. d.), Author of Historia Naturalis.
Quint. = M. T. Quintilianus (35-95 a. d.), Roman Rhetorician.
Mart. = M. Valerius Martialis (41-102 a. d.), Latin Epigrammatist.
Plin. = C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus (minor) (62-113 a. d.), Writer, Epistles, Panegyric.
Tac. = C. Cornelius Tacitus (55-119? a. d.), Historian, high among scholars of all ages.
Juv. = D. Junius Juvenalis (60-140? a. d.), Poet and Satirist.
Suet = C. Suetonius Tranquillus (70-150? a. d.), Biographer.
App. -Lucius Appuleius (fl. 150 a. d.), Philosopher.
Gell. = Aulus Gellius (fl. 175 a. d.), Grammarian.
Pall. = Palladius Rutilius Taums (fl. 350 a. d.), Writer on Husbandry.
Claud. = Claudius Claudianus (fl. 400 a. d.), Last of the Classic Poets.
Vulg. = Hieronymus = St. Jerome (331-420 a. d.), revised Latin Translation of Bible.
124
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ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
[This List is designed to include words used in the Latin Sentences and Exercises, some of which
are not in the Vocabularies and Declensions.]
amArus, a, am, bitter
A
A, ab, abs, prep. w. Abl. by, from
abundat, vb. abounds
Acer, Acris, Acre, sharp , shrewd , eager
acus, ecus, F. a r\eedle
acfitus, a, um, pointed , acute
ad, prep. w. Acc. to, at
adamas, antis, M. Gr. a diamond
addunt, vb. (they) add
aditus, As, M. approach , access
ador, N. spelt
advenit, vb. comes up to
adversus, prep. w. Acc. towards
Aegaeus, a, um, Aegaean
aeger, gra, gram, sick , iU
AenAas, ae, M. Aeneas
aequor, oris, N. the sea
aequus, a, um, equal } equitable, just
AAr, Sens, M. the air
aes, aeris, N. bronze
aes aliAnum, another’s money = debt
AesculApius, ii, M. Aesculapius , (Father of Medicine)
aestas, Atis, F. summer (Mar. 22-Sept. 22), first
half of the year
aestuArium, ii, N. a lagoon (of sea-water)
aestus, fis, M. the tide
aetas, Atis, F. age, time of life
aeternitas, tAtis, F. eternity
Africa, ae, F. Africa
ager, agri, M. afield
agitat, vb. agitates
agitAtor, 6ris, M. a driver
agitAtus, a, um, driven , agitated
agnus, i, M. a lamb
agricola, ae, M. a farmer
agunt, vb. they spend
albus, a, um, white
aliAnus, a, um, another's
aliquis, aliquid, some one, something
aliquot, indef. indcl. several (an adj.)
alius, alia, aliud, another
AlpAs, ium, F. the Alps
altAria, ium, N. a high altar
alter, altera, alteram, the other (one of two)
altitfidd, dinis, F. height
altus, a, um, high, deep
amant, vb. (they) love , (they) like
amat, vb. loves , likes
amAvArant, vb. (they) loved, liked
amAvit, vb. (he, she, it) loved, liked
amicus, i, M. a friend
amicus, a, um, friendly
amnis, is, M. a stream
an, conj. or
ancora, ae, F. Gr. an anchor
Ancus Marcius, Ancus Marcius (4th King of Rome)
anguis, is, C. a snake
anima, ae, F. wind, breath, Life
animal, Alis, N. an animal
animus, i, M. mind, courage, Soul.
annus, i, M. a year
ante, prep. w. Acc. before, in front of
antiquus, a, um, old, ancient
annulus, i, M. a little ring j a fi n O er nn ^
( a signet ring
aper, apri, M. a wild boar
apertA, adv. openly
Apolld, inis, M. Apollo (the god)
appArent, vb. appear
appellAvit, vb. addressed
apud, prep. w. Acc. near, at
aqua, ae, F. water
Ara, ae, F. an altar
Arabs, abis, M. an Arab
arAtor, 6ris, M. a plow-man
arbor, oris, F. a tree
arcus, fis, M. a bow, an arch
Arethfisa, ae, F. A celebrated fountain near Syracuse.
Indus, a, um, dry, parched
annus, i, M. Gr. the shoulder (of an animal)
Amus, i, M. The river Amo
artfis, uum, M. the joints
arvum, i, N. plow-land
arx, arris, F. a citadel
ascendfirunt, vb. climbed up
Asia, ae, F. Asia
asinus, i, M. an ass
asper, era, erum, rough, rugged, harsh
Ater, atra, atrum, dark
AthAnae, Aram, F. the city Athens
atque, conj. and also
auctor, dris, C. an author
audax, Acis, bold, daring
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ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
aura, ae, F. Gr. a breeze
aureus, a, inn, golden
auris, is, F. an ear
Aur6ra, ae, F. Gr. The Dawn
aurum, i, N. gold
aut, conj. or
aut. . .aut, (correl. conjs.) either . . .or
autem, conj. but, however
autuxnnus, i, M. autumn , (Sept. 22-Dec. 22=91 days)
auxilium, ii, N. aid
Aventinus, a, um, Aventine
avia, ae, F. a grandmother
avis, avis, F. a bird
avus, i, M. a grandfather
B
Bacchus, i, M. Bacchus (god of wine)
barba, ae, F. the beard
befttfi, adv. blissfully
Belgae, Arum, M. The Belgians
bellum, i, N. war
benevolus, a, um, benevolent
benignus, a, um, kind
bicomis, e, two-homed
biandus, a, um, flattering , fawning
bona, drum, N. goods ( = personal property)
bonus, a, um, good
bds, bovis, C. ox, cow
brevis, breve, short, brief
Britannia, ae, F. Britain
C
caballus, i, M. a nag
cadaver, averis, N. o corpse
cadit, vb. falls
Caelius, a, um, Caelian
caelum, i, N. the sky
caementum, i, N. budding stone (in huge rough blocks)
Caesar, axis, M. Caesar
calculus, i, M. a pebble
calor, Oris, M. heat
calx, calcis, F. lime
Campanus, a, um, Campanian
campus, i, M. an open field , a plain
candSla, ae, F. a candle
candidus, a, um, dazzling white
canis, canis, C. a dog
caper, capri, M. a goat
Capitdlinus, a, um, Capitoline
caput, itis, N. the head
carbd, 6nis, M. a coal , charcoal
carmen, inis, N. a song
card, carais, F. flesh
caius, a, um, dear
catena, ae, F. a chain
Catd, dnis, M. Cato , (“The Censor” of morals)
causa, ae, F. cause, trial or suit at law
causft, Abl. for the sake of
celeriter, adv. quickly
cSna, ae, F. dinner
centSsimus, a, um, hundredth
centum, (num, indcl.) hundred
Cerberus, i, M. Cerberus , (the three-headed dog)
cerebrum, i, N. the brain
certe, adv. certainly
dbus, i, M. food
Cicerd, 6nis, M. Cicero (the orator)
dnis, eris, M. ashes
drciter, adv. about
drculus, i, M. a circle, a ring, a hoop
circum, prep. w. Acc. round
drcumfluit, vb. flows round
dsteraa, ae, F. a cistern
dvis, is, C. a citizen
dvitas, ads, F. the stale
dAmor, 6ris, M. a shout, a clamor
clams, a, um, clear, bright
classis, is, F. the fleet
clivus, i, M. a hill
collectus, a, um, collected, assembled
collis, collis, M. a hill
collum, i, N. the neck
color, dris, M. color
colunt, vb. (they) cultivate
communis, e, common
compositus, a, um, composed of
concretus, a, um, hardened, stiffened, congealed
conjux, jugis, C. a wife, a husband
cdnsul, lis, M. consul
continuus, a, um, continuous
contra, prep. w. Acc. opposite to, against
cdpia, ae, F. plenty, abundance
coquit, vb. cooks, bakes, parches, chars
coquus, i, M. a cook
cor, cordis, N. the heart
cornu, us, N. a horn
corpus, oris, N. a body
cremaverunt, vb. they burned
crocodilus, i, M. Gr. a crocodile
crus, crflris, N. a leg
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ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
crux, crucis, F. a crass
cultus, a, um, cultivated
cum, adv. when
cum, prep. w. Abl. with
cura, ae, F. care
curAverunt, vb. took care of
currus, As, M. a chariot
cursus, us, M. a running, a course
custds, ddis, C. a guard
cutis, is, F. the skin
D
DAnuvius, if, M. The upper river Danube
de, prep. w. Abl. down from , /row, out of, about, of
dea, deae, F. a goddess
decern, (num, indcl.) ten
decimus, a, um, tenth
deinde, adv. then, finally
dgliciae, Arum, F. delight
Delta, ae, F. Gr. The Delta
Demosthenes, is, M. Demosthenes (the orator)
dAns, dentis, M. a tooth
densus, a, um, thick, dense
describunt, vb. write down, sketch
deserta, drum, N. deserts
desilit, vb. leaps down
deus, dei, M. a god
dicit, vb. says, speaks
dicunt, vb. they say, tell
dies, diei, M. or F. a day
differt, vb. differs
difficili6, e, difficult
diffundunt, vb. spread abroad
digitus, I, M. a finger, a finger breadth
Diogenes, is, M. Diogenes (the Cynic philosopher)
discipline, ae, F. discipline
did, adv. long , long while
dives, itis, M. a rich man
dfvisus, a, um, divided
dixit, vb. said
docet, vb. teaches
doctor, dris, M. a teacher
doctus, a, um, learned
domicilium, ii, N. dwelling place, abode
domus, ds, F. a house, home
ddnAtus, a, um, given, presented
ducenti, ae, a, two hundred
dddt, vb. leads
dulcis, e, sweet
dum, adv. while , until
duo, duae, duo, two
duodecentesimus, a, um, ninety-eighth
duodecim, (num, indcl.) twelve
duodedmus, a, um, twelfth
duplex, ids, double
ddrus, a, um, hard
dux, duds, C. leader
E
ebur, eboris, N. ivory
ego, mei, mihi, me, ( — ), me, I, of me, etc.
Egyptius, I, M. an Egyptian
ejus, ejus, ejus, (substantive), of him, of her , of it
ejus, ejus, ejus, (possessive), his, hers , its
elementum, i, N. an element
emptor, dris, M. a buyer
enim, conj .for, indeed
edrum, eArum, edrum, (substantive), of them, etc.
edrum, eArum, edrum, (possessive), their, theirs
ephippium, ii, N. Gr. a horse-cloth, a saddle
epistola, ae, F. Gr. a letter
equa, ae, F. a mare
equus, i, M. a horse
erant, vb. 3d Plur. were
erat, vb. 3d Sing, was
Esquilinus, a, um, Esquiline
est, vb. 3d Sing, is, (there) is
et, conj. and
et. . .et, correl. conjs., both. . .and
etiam, adv. also
EuphrAtes, is, M. The river Euphrates
Eurdpa, ae, F. Europe
ex, e, prep. w. Abl. out of, from
exercitus, us, M. an army
exitus, us, M. an outlet
expulsus, a, um, driven out, expelled
exstinguunt, vb. extinguish
exsul, ulis, C. an exile
F
fades, ei, F. the face
facile, adv. easily
facilis, e, easy
fadllime, adv. very easily
facit, vb. makes
fadunt, vb. make
falsus, a, um, false
far, farris, N. spelt
fas, N. divine law
fax, fads, F. a torch
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
fecit, vb. made
fel, fellis, N. gall
felis, is, F. a cat
felix, ids, favorable, lucky
fdmina, ae, F. woman
femur, oris, N. the thigh
ferd, adv. almost, nearly
ferreus, ea, eum, iron (adj.)
fervidus, a, am, hot , glowing
fiddlis, e, faithful , trusty
Adds, ei, F. faith
filia, ae, F. a daughter
fOius, if, M. a son
finis, is, M. end , limit, boundary
flAmen, inis, M. a priest
fiamma, ae, F. a flame, a blaze
Fldrentia, ae, F. Florence (the city)
fids, dris, M. flower
fluctus, tis, M. a billow
fludns, ends, flowing
fluit, vb. flows
fltimen, inis, N. river
fluunt, vb. flow
fluvius, it, M. river
foculus, i, M. a brazier, (a fire-pan)
focus, i, M. a fire-place, (a hearth)
foedus, a, um, foul, disgraceful
fens, tis, M. a spring
forAmen, inis, N. an opening, a hole
forma, ae, F. a diagram, a figure
formica, ae, F. the ant
fortis, forte, strong, brave
fortune, ae, F. good fortune , luck
frangit, vb. breaks
filter, fr&tris, M. brother
fiequdns, ntis, frequent, constant
fiigidus, a, um, cold (the adj.)
frigus, oris, N. cold
frdns, frontis, F. the forehead , brow
fitigds, frugum, F. fruits
frtigi, ir\dcl. frugal, thrifty
fudrunt, vb. have been, were
fugat, vb. puts to flight
fuit, vb. has been, was
fulgur, uris, N. lightning (sheet)
ftiligd, inis, F. soot
fulmen, inis, N. a thunderbolt
ftimdsus, a, um, smoking
ftimus, i, M. smoke
funddns, ntis, pouring
fundit, vb. pours
fundus, i, M. the bottom (of any thing)
ftinus, eris, N. a funeral, (the burning of a body)
furit, vb. raves, rages
G
Gallia, ae, F. Gaul, (now France)
gallina, ae, F. a hen
gelidus, a, um, icy, frosty, frozen
gelus, tis, M. (“hard”) frost, cold
generAlis, e, general
generlliter, adv. in general , generally
gdns, tis, F. race, ( = the race of men)
genu, tis, N. the knee
genus, eris, N. kind, sort
GermAni, drum, M. The Germans
glades, di, F. ice
gladiAtor, dris, M. a gladiator (a swordsman)
globdsus, a, um, spherical
gracilis, e, thin
Graecd, adv. in Greek
Graeci, drum, M. The Greeks
Graecia, ae, F. Greece
Graecus, a, um, Greek, Grecian
grandis, e, large
grandd, inis, F. hail
grAtus, a, um, pleasing
gravis, e, heavy
gravitas, Atis, heaviness, weight
gurges, ids, M. a whirlpool
H
habent, vb. have
habet, vb. has
habudrunt, vb. (they) had
habuit, vb. (he, she, it) had
HadriAticus, a, um, Adriatic
haedus, i, M. a kid
hardna, ae, F. sand
Helvdtius, a, um, Helvetian
herba, ae, F. grass, herbage
hibemus, a, um, unnter (adj.)
hiems, is, F. winter (Sept. 22-Mar. 22), 2d half of
the year
hie, haec, hoc, this (near me)
hie, adv. here
HispAnia, ae, F. Spain (the country)
holus, eris, N. vegetables
homd, inis, C. man, a human being
honor, dris, M. honor
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
hdra, ae, F. on hour
HorAtius, ii, M. Horace (the poet)
horreum, I, N. a granary
horridus, a, um, bristling , frightful
hortus, I, M. a garden
hostis, hostis, C. on enemy (public)
Me, adv. hither
humilis, e, low, lowly , humble
humus, i, F. the ground
I
idem, eadem, idem, same
ignAvus, a, um, lazy
ignis , ignis, M. fire
ille, illa, .illud, that, the former
illuc, adv. thither
immdnsus, a, um, boundless, vast
in, prep. (w. Abl.) in, on/ (w. Ace.) into, upon
inanimus, a, um, lifeless
incendium, ii, N. afire
incertus, a, um, uncertain
Indus, a, um, Indian
industrius, a, um, industrious
Inf ins, ntis, C. an infant, babe, (till 7 years)
infimus, a, um, lowest
infleetdns, ends, bending, curving
ingdns, tis, huge, vast
initium, ii, N. o beginning
insAnus, a, um, insane, mad
instrumentum, i, N .an instrument
insula, ae, F. island
intellegunt, vb. (they) know, understand
inter, prep. w. Acc. between, among
intervallum, i, N. an interval
invicem, adv. in turm
invitAvit, vb. (he) invited
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself , that very
irrigant, vb. irrigate
irrigat, vb. irrigates
is, ea, id, (personal), he, she, it
is, ea, id, (determinative), that (“the aforesaid”)
iste, ista, istud, that (near you)
istic, adv. there,
it, vb. (he, she, it) goes
Italia, ae, F. Italy
itaque, conj. and so, therefore
iter, itineris, N. a journey
J
jam, adv. now, already
jftnua, ae, F. front door, entrance
jecur, jednoris, etc., N. the liver
jfidex, icis, C. a judge
jfigerum, i, N. a Roman acre
(o yoke for oxen
jtiptuii i, N. | a f or horses
jungit, vb. joins together
jund, dnis, F. Juno (the goddess)
Jupiter, ) j ovis ^1. Jupiter (the god)
Juppiter, j *
jds, jtiris, N. human law
justitia, ae, F. justice, uprightness
Justus, a, um, just
Juvenftlis, is, M. Juvenal (the satirist)
juvenis, is, C. o young person
L
labrum, i, N. o lip
lac, lactis, N. milk
Lacedaemonii, drum, M. The Spartans
lacrima, ae, F. a tear
lacus, fis, M. a lake
lantema, ae, F. a lantern (of horn)
Lards, um, and ium, M. The Lares, (household gods)
largd, adv. plentifully
Ute, adv. wide, widely
Latind, adv. in Latin
lAtitadd, dims, F. width, breadth
lAtus, a, um, wide, broad
laudant, vb. praise
laudat, vb. praises
lector, dris, M. a reader
ldnis, e, mild, gentle
led, lednis, M. a lion
lepus, oris, M. o hare
levis, e, light
leviter, adv. lightly
lex, ldgis, F. law
liber, libri, M. o book
liber, era, erum ,free
liberi, drum, M. pi. the children
libertas, tdtis, F. liberty , freedom
Libya, ae, F. Libya (now Africa)
Libycus, a, um, Libyan
lignum, i, N. wood, firewood
limen, inis, N. a threshold
limus, i, M. mire , filth
lingua, ae, F. the tongue
litterae, Arum, F. a letter
Litterae, Arum, F. Literature
litterAtor, dris, M. the teacher (of the 3 It's)
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ONE THOtiSAND WORDS DEFINED
litus, oris, N. the shore
locAtus, a, um, placed , located
locos, i, M. a place , a spot
longS, adv. far
longitudS, dinis, F. length
longus, a, um, long
ldrum, i, N. a thong (of leather)
luceraa, ae, F. a lamp (for oil)
lucus, i, M. a grove
ludus, i, M. school
ldmen, inis, N. light, (a source of light)
Lima, ae, F. The Moon
lupus, i, M. a wolf
lux, lucis, F. the light
luxuries, SI, F. extravagance
M
magis, adv. mare (in quality)
magister, tri, M. a master
magnus, a, um, great
mAjus, adv. greater , (Comp, of magnus)
malus, a, um, had, evil
m&lus, I, F. an apple-tree
m&nant, vb. trickle
mAnat, vb. trickles
mine, indcl. N. the morning
manet, vb. stags
manus, fis, F. the hand
mare, is, N. the sea
marinus, a, um, sea (an adj.)
maritimus, a, um, maritime
marmor, oris, N. marble
Mars, tis, M. Mars , (god of war)
m&ter, tris, F. mother
mAteria, ae, ) p material, (mother-stuff)
mAtenSs, Si, j '
mathSmaticus, I, M. Gr. a mathematician
mAtrdna, ae, F. a lady
mAttirus, a, um, early
maximA, adv. chiefly, especially
maximus, a, um, greatest, (Superl. of magnus)
mS, me (Acc.), mS, by, with, from me (Abl.)
medicus, I, M. a doctor, a physician
mediter Aneus, a, um, midland
medius, a, um, mid-, middle
mel, mellis, N. honey
melior, ior, ius, better, (Comp, of bonus)
memoria, ae, F. memory
mSns, tis, F. the mind
mSnsis, is, M. a month
mSnstira, ae, F. a measure
tnercAtor, oris, M. a mefchant (wholesale)
meridiSs, Si, M. mid-day, noon
metallum, i, N. Gr. a metal
metus, us, M. fear, dread
meus, mea, meum, my, mine
miles, ids, M. a soldier
milia, ium, N. thousands
mille, indcl. in sing., thousand
( 1. The athlete
M J 6 - 6 m 8 'M M ‘ i 0 l 2 . T h e g 1 ad i a tor
minister, tri, M. a servant
minor, minor, minus, smaller , less
minutus, a, um, little, minute
mirAbiliter, adv. in a wonderful way
minis, a, um, wonderful
miser, era, erum, miserable, wretched
misit, vb. sent
mittit, vb. sends
mixtus, a, um, mixed, mingled
molestus, a, um, troublesome
mdns, mentis, M. a mountain
mortArium, ii, N. mortar
m6s, 6ris, M. custom, manner
mdtor, 6ris, M. a mover, a rocker (of the cradle)
mdtus, tis, M. a motion
movent, vb. (they) move
movet, vb. moves >
mox, adv. soon
mulier, eris, F. o woman
multus, a, um, much (sing.), many (plur.)
mtilus, i, M. a mule
mundus, i, M. the universe
mtirus, i, M. a wall
mus, muris, C. a mouse , rat, martin, sable, ermine
N
nAsus, I, M. the nose
nAttira, ae, F. nature
nauta, ae, M. a sailor
nAvis, nAvis, F. a ship
ne, adv. not, neither
-ne, enclitic, whether
nebula, ae, F. fog, mist
nec, adv. not
nec. . nec, (correl. conjs.) neither . . .nor
nef Arius, a, um, impious
negat, vb. denies
negdtium, ii, N. business
nSmd, inis, C. no man, no one, nobody
130
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ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
oppidum, I, N. a town (walled)
optat, vb. wishes, longs for
optimus, a, um, best, (superl. of bonus)
dra, ae, F. the coast (of the sea)
dr&tor, oris, M. an orator , a speaker
% orbis, is, M. a circle, a ring, the world
origd, inis, F. source , origin
om&mentum, i, N. an ornament
ds, dris, N. the mouth, the face
os, ossis, N. a bone
Ostia, ae, F. Ostia (the city)
ostium, ii, N. an opening for entrance
ovis, ovis, F. a sheep
6vuxn, i, N. an egg
ndquam, indcl. worthless, naughty
neque, conj. adv. and not, also not
neque. . .neque, (correl. conjs.) neither. . .nor
nervus, i, M. a sinew, a muscle
neuter, neutra, neutram, neither (of the two)
niger, gra, gram, black
nihil, or nil, indcl. N. nothing
Nilus, i, M. The river Nile
nimbus, i, M. a rain-storm
niv&lis, e, snow (an Adj.)
nix, nivis, F. snow
noctfi, adv. by night
nddus, i, M. a knot
ndmen, inis, N. a name
ndn, adv. not
ndn&gintft, num. indcl. ninety
nonnullus, a, um, some one
ndnus, a, um, ninth
nos, nostrum, tri (personal), we, of us
noster, tra, tram (possessive), our, ours
nota, ae, F. a mark
novem, num. indcl. nine
novus, a, um, new
nox, noctis, F. night
noxius, a, um, hurtful
nubds, nubis, F. a cloud
ntigae, drum, F. trifles, nonsense
nullus, nulla, nftllum, none, no
numerant, vb. count
numerus, J, M. number
Numida, ae, M. a Numidian
numquam, adv. never
nunc, adv. just now
nuntiat, vb. announces
ndtrix, icis, F. a nurse
O
ob, prep. w. Acc. in the way of
obstat, vb. stands in the way
obtinet, vb. occupies
Oceanus, I, M. The Ocean
octdvus, a, um, eighth
octd, num. indcl. eight
octdgdsimus, a, um, eight hundredth
octdgintd, (num. indcl.) eighty
oculus, I, M. an eye
odor, oddris, M. odor , smell
officium, ii, N. duty, office
omnind, adv. wholly, entirely
omnis, e, all (in pi.), every (in sing.)
P
Padus, i, M. The river Po
paeninsula, ae, F. a peninsula
pdgus, i, M. a district, a canton
Palaemon, dnis, M. the name of a sea-god
Paldtinus, a, um, Palatine
palmus, i, M. the palm of the hand, a hand-breadth
palus, udis, F. a swamp, a bog
Pansa, ae, M. Pansa, (a noted Roman)
p&r, pans, equal (adj.)
parat, vb. prepares
pardns, tis, C. a parent
pariter, adv. equally
Parius, a, um, Parian
Paros, i, F. Paros (the island)
pars, tis, F. a part , side
parvus, a, um, small, little
pascuus, a, um, pasture (an adj.)
passus, us, M. a pace, ( = five Roman feet)
patella, ae, F. a plate
pater, patris, M. a father
patria, ae, F. one’s fatherland
pauti, ae, a, few
pax, pdcis, F. peace
pectus, oris, N. the breast
pecunia, ae, F. money
pecus, oris, N. a herd of cattle
penddns, tis, hanging
per, prep. w. Acc. through, over
periculdsus, a, um, dangerous
periculum, i, N. danger, peril
perpetuus, a, um, perpetual
Persae, drum, M. The Persians
pds, pedis, M .foot
Pharisaeus, i, M. a Pharisee
Digitized by ^.ooQle
ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
philosophus, i, M. Gr. a philosopher
pictor, dris, M. a painter
pietas, Atis, F. 1. piety , 2. duty
piger, gra, gram, slothful
pila, ae, F. a ball
pineus, a, urn, pine (an adj.)
pingit, vb. paints
pinguis, e, fat
piscis, piscis, M. a fish
plAnitiAs, 61, F. a plain
plAnus, a, um, level
Platd, dais, M. Gr. Plato (the philospher)
PlSbAs } ^ ommon People
plAnus, a, um, full
plumbum, i, N. lead
plus, pluris, more (in quantity)
Plutd, dnis, M. the god Pluto
pluvia, ae, F. rain
pluvialis, e, rain (an adj.)
poSma, atis, N. Gr. a poem
PompAiAnum, I, N. Cicero’s Villa (near Pompeii)
pdns, tis, M. a bridge
populAris, e, popular
populus, i, M. the people
porcus, i, M. a pig , a hog, a swine
porta, ae, F. a gate
portAvit, vb. carried
porticus, (is, F. a piazza , a portico
portus, (is, M. a harbor , a port
positus, a, um, located , situated
post, prep. w. Acc. after
posteA, adv. afterwards
posterns, a, um, following , next
postrAmus, a, um, the last
posuit, vb. placed
potestas, Atis, F. power
potuit, vb. has been able
praesAns, tis, present
praetextus, a, um, bordered with purple
prAtum, l, N. a meadow
pretium, if, N. price
primus, a, um, first
princeps, cipis, M. a chief
prior, prius, in front
pr6, prep. w. Abl. before , for
probus, a, um, honest
procella, ae, F. a gale
procul, adv. afar off, at a distance
prdfluAns, ntis, running (as water)
profundus, a, um, deep
prAmunturium, ii, N. a headland
propriA, adv. properly
propter, prep. w. Acc. on account of
prospectus, As, M. the view
prosper^, adv. favorably
prosperus, a, um, favorable
prdverbium, ii, N. maxim, proverb
proximus, a, um, nearest , next
pruina, ae, F. hoar-frost
publicAnus, i, M. a tax-gatherer
publicum, I, N. the public (a noun)
puella, ae, F. a girl
puer, eri, M. a boy, orig. a child
pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful
pullus equinus, a colt
pulmA, 6nis, M. a lung
pdpilla, ae, F. an orphan girl
piipillus, i, M. an orphan boy
pGrus, a, um, dean, pure
puteus, i, M. a well
Pythagoras, ae, M. Pythagoras (the philosopher)
Q
quadrAgintA, num. indcl. forty
quam, adv. how, than
quantus, how great
quArtus, a, um, fourth
quasi, adv. as it were
quattuor, (num. indcl.) four
quattuordecim, (num. indcl.) fourteen
-que, conj. and
-que. . .-que, (correl. conjs.) both. . .and
qui, quae, quod, (the relative) who , which
qui — ? quae — ? quod — ? what — f which — t
quia, conj. because
quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain
quidem, adv. indeed
quindecim, num. indcl. fifteen
quinque, num. indcl. five
quintus, a, um, fifth
QuirinAlis, e, Quirinal
quis? quae? quid? (the interrogative) who t whatT
quisque, quaeque, quodque, each (one)
quod, conj. because
quoniam, adv. since
quotus, a, um, what (in number), how many
R
radius, ii, M. o ray
rArus, a, um, rare , thin
132
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ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
ratid, 6nis, F. reason
r ecdns, ntis, fresh, recent
redit, vb. goes back , returns
regpia, ae, F. a queen
regnum, I, N. a kingdom
reliquus, a, urn, remaining
repentinus, a, urn, sudden
rds, rei, F. a thing
rdsina, ae, F. resin (a gum)
Rdspublica, Reipublicae, F. The Commonwealth
retrdrsum, adv. backwards
rex, rdgis, M. a king
Rhdnus, i, M. The river Rhine
ripa, ae, F. the bank (of a river)
rivus, i, M. a brook ( = a small stream)
R6ma, ae, F. Rome (the city)
RdmAnus, a, um, Roman (an adj.)
RdmAnus, i, M. A Roman
Romulus, i, M. Romulus
rds, rdris, M. dew
Rostra, drum, N. The Rostra, (the speaker’s platform)
rotundus, a, um, round
rudis, e, rude, uncultivated
riipds, is, F. a crag, a cliff
rura, (Nom. Acc. Plur. only), the fields
ras, rdris, N. the country
rusticus, i, M. a countryman , peasant
rusticus, a, um, country, rustic, rural
ruunt, vb. rush out
S
sacer, era, cram, sacred
sacrificium, if, N. a sacrifice
saepe, adv. often
sagax, Ads, shrewd, sagacious
saltus, us, M. o leap, a spring, a bound
salum, i, N. Gr. the high sea
salutAvit, vb. saluted, greeted
sAnus, a, um, sensible
sanguis, inis, M. blood
satis, adv. enough
scelestus, a, um, wicked
scintilla, ae, F. a spark
scorpid, dnis, M. Gr. a scorpion
scriba, ae, M. a clerk
scrfipulus, i, M. a small sharp stone, anxiety
sculptor, dris, M. a sculptor
secundus, a, um, second
sed, conj. but
sddecim, num. indcl. sixteen ,
sddds. sddis, F. a seat
sedile, is, N. a seat
semper, adv. always
sempiternus, a, um, everlasting
senAtor, dris, M. a senator
seneetds, utis, F. old age
senex, senis, C. an old man or woman
senex, senis, old (adj.)
septem, (num. indcl.) seven
Septimus, a, um, seventh
septuAgdsimus, a, um, seventieth
septuAgintA, num. indcl. seventy
servus, i, M. a slave
sex, num. indcl. six
sexAg&simus, a, um, sixtieth
sexAgintA, (num. indcl.) sixty
sextus, a, um, sixth
sic, adv., so, thus
siccus, a, um, dry
Sicilia, ae, F. Sicily (the island)
sicut, just as, as
sidus, eris, N. a constellation , a star
significat, vb. signifies
silex, icis, M. a flint
silva, ae, F. woods, forest
Silvester, tris, tre, woody, wooded
similis, e, like
similiter, adv. similarly, (in like manner)
similitudd, dims, F. a likeness
simplex, icis, simple , artless
sine, prep. w. Abl. without
singuli, ae, a, each one (taken singly)
situs, a, um, situated , placed
Sdcrates, is, M. Gr. Socrates (the philosopher)
Sdl, Sdlis, M. The Sun
solidus, a, um, solid
sdlus, sdla, sdlum, alone, only
somnus, !, M. sleep
sonitus, us, M. sound, noise
soror, dris, F. a sister
Sparta, ae, F. the city Sparta
spatium, if, N. space
specids, di, F. appearance
speculAtrix, ids, F. a spy
spds, spei, F. hope
spirituS, us, M. breath
splendidus, a, um, splendid
stadium, if, N. o race-course, a furlong (Eng.)
stagnAns, ntis, standing, stagnant
stagnum, i, N. a pool
Digitized by v^.ooQLe
ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
statua, ae, F. statue
stimulat, vb. goads, urges on, stimulates
strepitus, fls, M. noise, din
structor, dris, M. a builder
structus, a, um, built
stupidus, a, um, senseless, stupid
suAvitas, Ads, F. sweetness
sub, (prep. w. Acc. or Abl.) under , near by
subitd, adv. suddenly
sucus, I, M. juice, sap
sddor, dris, M. sweat, perspiration .
Sudvi, drum, M. The Suevi
sui, sibi, sd, of himself, etc., of themselves, etc.
sulcus, i, M. a f urrow
sulfur, uris, N. sulphur
summus, a, um, highest, the highest part of = the top of
sunt, vb. 3d plur. are, there are
super, prep. w. Acc. over, above, w. Abl. about
superant, vb. (they) surpass
superstes, stitis, surviving
suprd, adv. above
surgdns, tis, rising
siis, suis, C. a swine
suspdnsus, a, um, suspended , hung up
susdnuerunt, vb. (they) upheld, sustained
suus, sua, suum, his own , her own, its own
suus, sua, suum, their own, their, theirs
T
tactus, us, M. touching, the touch
tarn, adv. so
tamen, conj. yet
tamquam, adv. just as
tangit, touches
tardus, a, um, slow, late
taurus, i, M. a bull
tempestas, Ads, F. storm, tempest, weather
templum, i, N. a temple
tempus, oris, N. time
tener, era, erum, tender
tenuit, vb. held, kept
ter, adv. three times, thrice
tergum, i, N. the back
terra, ae, F. land
terrent, vb. frighten, terrify
terrdnus, a, um, earthly
terribilis, e, terrible
tertius, a, um, third
Themistocles, is, M. Gr. Themistocles (the general)
Tiberis, is, M. The river Tiber
toga, ae, F. the toga
tonitrus, us, M. ) ,
. .. - xt r thunder
tomtruum, 1 , N. J
tdnsor, dris, M. a barber
torris, is, M. a fire brand
tdtus, tdta, tdtum, whole
tranquillus, a, um, calm, still
trAns, prep. w. Acc. across
tr&nseunt, vb. pass by, goby
tredecim, num. indcl. thirteen
trds, trds, tria, three
tricdsimus, a, um, thirtieth
trigintA, num. indcl. thirty
triads, e, sad
tfl, tui, tibi, td, tu, td, thou, or you, etc.
turn, adv. then
tunc, adv. just then
turbd, inis, M. whirlwind, hurricane, children’s top
turpis, e, base, shameful
tfis, turis, N. incense, frankincense
tutor, dris, M. a guardian
tdtus, a, um, safe, secure
tuus, tua, tuum, thy, thine
u
ubi, adv. where
fillus, Alla, ullum, any (at all)
ultimus, a, um, farthest
umbra, ae, F. a shadow, a departed spirit
umidus, a, um, damp, wet
umquam, adv. ever
find, adv. at the same time, along with
unda, ae, F. a wave
Andecim, num. indcl. eleven
Andecimus, a, um, eleventh
undique, adv. everywhere
Anus, una, unum, one
urbAnus, a, um, city (adj.)
urbs, urbis, F. the city
usque, adv. as far as
usus, Asus, M. use
ut, conj. adv. that , as
uter, utra, utrum, which (of the two)
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two), either
Adlis, e, useful
uxor, dris, F. a wife
V
vacuus, a, um, empty, at leisure
vadum, i, N. shallow water, a shoal, a ford
validus, a, um, strong
134
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ONE THOUSAND WORDS DEFINED
vall&s, is, F. a valley
vapor, dris, M. steam
varius, a, um, various , different
v&s, v&sis, N. a vessel
vectigal, ftlis, N. tax
velut, adv. just as
vdna, ae, F. a vein
vdn&tor, dris, M. a hunter
vdn&trix, ids, F. a huntress
v&n&runt, vb. came } went
venit, vb. comes
ventus, i, M. the wind
Venus, eris, F. Venus (the goddess)
vdr, vdris, N. spring
verbum, i, N. a word
vdr&, adv. in truth , truly
versus, ffs, M. a furrow , a verse
vesper, eris, M. evening
Vesta, ae, F. Vesta (the goddess)
vester, vestra, vestrum, your , yours
vetus, veteris, old (adj.)
via, viae, F. a way , a road, a street
vicissim, adv. in turn
victor, dris, M. o conqueror
victrix, icis, F. a conqueress
videt, vb. sees
vigil, ilis, M. a watchman
vigilia, ae, F. 1 . a watch, 2. night police
viginti, num. indcl. twenty
vigor, dris, M. vigor , liveliness
villa, ae, F. a villa , a farm
Viminftlis, e, Viminal, (Willow Hill)
vincit, vb. conquers
vinctus, a, um, tied , bound
vinxit, vb. tied
vir, viri, M. a man
virgd, inis, F. a virgin , a maiden
viridis, e, green
virilis, e, manly , of a man
virtiis, fltis, F. valor
vis, vis (rare), F. strength , violence
visus, ffs, M. seeing, the sight
vita, ae, F. life
vitreus, a, um, glass (adj.)
vivit, vb. lives
vivus, a, um, alive , living
vixit, vb. lived
vocat, vb. calls
volucer, eris, ere, winged
volvdns, ntis, rolling
vds, vestrum, or tri, you , of you
vox, vdds, F. the voice
135
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